562 
P I 
fins, if they could even be denominated fins. As a 
fcholar, he was an elegant writer in Latin, and left 
behind him various works, moll of which he compofed 
before his elevation to the popedom. Of thefe an 
abridged lift is given in the General Biography, but a 
complete catalogue of them may be found in Cave and 
Dupin. The following feem to be the moft generallyimport- 
ant: i.Memoirs of the Council of Bafil, from the fufpenfion 
ofEugeniusto the ele6tion of Felix. 2. Hiftory of the 
Bohemians, from their origin to the year 1458. 3. Two 
books on Cofmography. 4. Hiftory of Frederic III. 
whofe vice-chancellor he had been. 5. A Treatife on 
the Education of Children. 6. A Poem upon the 
Paflion of Jefus Chrift. 7. A Colleflion of 43a Letters, 
printed at Milan, 1473, in folio, in which are found fome 
curious anecdotes. 8. The Memoirs of his own Life, 
publiflied by John Gobelin Perfonne, his fecretary, and 
printed in Rome, in 4to. in 1584. 9. Hiftoria rerum 
ubicumque geftarum, of which only the firft part was 
publiftied at Venice in 1477, in folio. The whole works 
of this pope were publiffied in a colleftive form at Bafil 
in 1551, and again at Helmftadt in 1700. 
PIUS III. (Pope), whofe original name was Francis 
Todcfchini, was a native of Sienna, and born in the year 
1429. As he was nephew on the maternal fide to Pope 
Pius II. that pontiff permitted him to take the name of 
Piccolomini, and to bear the arms of that family. When 
he was only twenty-two years of age, Pius railed him to 
the dignity of cardinal, and foon afterwards nominated 
him Bifhop of Sienna. He was employed in feveral 
legations by Popes Paul II. Innocent VIII. and Alexander 
VI. to whom he has faid to have given entire fatisfaflion, 
by the prudence and integrity with which he difcharged 
his commiffions. Upon the death of the laft-mentioned 
pontiff, in the year 1503, the city of Rome was thrown 
into the utmoft confufion by the ftruggles for power 
between Valentine Borgia, the fon of Alexander, and the 
Orfini, and other Roman barons, whom he had deprived 
of their eftates. Daily battles being fought in the ftreets 
by the partifans of thefe rivals, the cardinals found it 
neceffary to raife a confiderable body of troops for their 
defence, while they fhould be fhut up in the conclave. 
They alfo applied to the French, Spanifh, and Venetian, 
ambaffadors, by whofe means the heads of the oppofite 
fafiions were prevailed upon to withdraw from Rome, 
with their troops, till the election of a new pope fhould 
be declared. Having thus fecured freedom from inter¬ 
ruption, the cardinals affembled at the Vatican, where, 
in a fhort time, they concurred unanimoufly in railing 
Cardinal Piccolomini to the vacant pontifical throne; 
who, out of grateful refpeft to the memory of his uncle, 
took the name of Pius III. No fooner had the in¬ 
telligence of his eleflion been conveyed to the hoftile 
faflions, than they returned to Rome, and renewed the 
.war within the walls, throwing the city again into the 
utmoft confufion. At length, the reinforcements re¬ 
ceived by the Orfini having given them a decifive fupe- 
riority over Valentine, he was obliged to fly for refuge to 
the caftle of St. Angelo, which was garrifoned by his 
party. This change in his affairs, however, foon caufed 
him to be deferted by fuch numbers of his men, that he 
was left at the pope’s mercy, who permitted him to 
retire unmolefted wherever he pleafed. Pius, by this 
event, had the happinefs to fee peace reftored to Rome ; 
but he had no time to enjoy it, fince he died on the 
twenty-fixth day after his eledlion, in the 75th year 
of his age, not without fufpicion of having been poifoned. 
According to Guiccardini, he was a perfon of un- 
blemifhed life, and not unworthy of the high dignity to 
which he had been raifed. 
PIUS IV. (Pope), whofe former name was John-Angelo 
di Medici, was born at Milan, in the year 1499. By fome 
writers he is faid to have been a defcendant from a 
branch of the illuftrious Florence family of that name, 
which in a time of civil commotion had been tranf- 
u s 
planted to the place of his nativity ; while others main¬ 
tain that his proper furname was Medecino, and had been 
altered out of an ambition to be thought related to the 
houfe of Medici. The latter hypothefis is confirmed by 
what is related of his brother the Marquis of Marignano, 
a celebrated general under Cofmo di Medici and the 
emperor Charles V. who from a very low condition of 
life he had raifed himfelf, through all the ranks of fervice, 
to high command, and was permitted by Cofmo, in order 
that he might conceal his original obfcurity, to claim 
relationfhip to him, and to affume his arms. John- 
Angelo, however, had enjoyed the advantages of a 
liberal education, and, after going through his courfes of 
rhetoric and philofophy, applied to the ftudy of the civil 
law, in which faculty lie was admitted to the degree of 
doftor. Afterwards he pra&ifed as a civilian with great 
reputation; and by his abilities, united with the intereft 
of his brother the marquis, obtained the office of pro- 
thonotary under pope Clement VII. In this fituatior. 
he recommended himfelf to the favour and patronage of 
Cardinal Farnefe ; who, after his elevation to the papal 
dignity under the title of Paul III. employed him in 
various legations, the duties of which he difcharged in a 
manner that reflected high credit on his talents, and on 
his probity. By the fame pontiff he was appointed com- 
miffary to the army of the church; nominated Arch- 
bilhop of Ragufa; and created Cardinal Prieft of Santa 
Prifca in the year 1549. Upon the death of pope Paul 
IV. in 1559, the conclave was agitated for upwards of four 
months by the intrigues of different cardinals of noble 
families, whofe power was fo equally balanced, that 
neither of them could obtain the requifite fuperiority 
over his rivals; till at length, tired of their fruitlefs 
ftruggles, they gave their united votes in favour of the 
cardinal of Santa Prifca; who, at his confecration, took 
the name of Pius IV. 
In the life of Paul IV. (vol. xix. p. 4x1.) we mentioned 
the outrages which the Roman populace committed when 
he was on his death-bed, out of hatred to his memory, 
and to the infamous characters of his tyrannical and pro¬ 
fligate nephews. Pius began his pontificate with granting 
a general pardon to all who had been concerned in thofe 
riotous proceedings; and he then took meafures for 
bringing to juftice the perfons whofe oppreffive enormities 
had provoked them to their irregular conduft. Ac¬ 
cordingly, the Caraffas were arrefted, tried, and found 
guilty of crimes for which they were condemned to 
forfeit their lives as well as their ill-acquired wealth. In 
purfuance of this fentence, the cardinal was ftrangled, 
and his two brothers, the duke of Pagliano, and marquis 
of Montebello, were beheaded, with feveral of their 
accomplices. 
One of the early meafures of Pius’s adminiftration was 
to terminate the difference between the papal and im¬ 
perial courts, occafioned by Paul’s refufal to approve of 
Ferdinand’s fuccefiion to the imperial crown, reiigned to 
him by his brother Charles V. without applying for the 
confent of his holinefs. This he did by fending letters 
to Ferdinand, in which he gave him all the imperial 
titles, and formally approved of the tranfa&ions between 
him and his brother. The next objefts which called for 
his attention, were the ftate of religion in Europe, and the 
expedients to be adopted for putting a flop to the progrefs 
of the Reformation. The power and number of the Pro- 
teftants were now’ every day becoming more and more 
confiderable. Both England and Scotland had dis¬ 
claimed allegiance to the lee of Rome, and new-modelled 
their religion. In the Netherlands the reformers had 
greatly multiplied of late, notwithftanding the molt 
dreadful cruelties had been exercifed againft them; and 
in France, there was reafon to apprehend that they might 
foon become too powerful for the Catholics. The new 
opinions had penetrated even into Italy, and had been 
embraced by a confiderable number of perions both in 
Naples and Savoy. From Naples they were extirpated by 
