601 
PLANT, 
the principle on which Bernard Juflleu arranged the 
plants in the garden of Trianon. Willdenow, in his Ele¬ 
ments of Botany, erroneoufly gives him the honour of 
being the firft who attempted an arrangement founded 
on the fituation of the ftamens. His orders are taken 
from the number of the ftamens. 
Crantz’s method, publiftied in 1766, confifts of the fol¬ 
lowing, moftly.natural, Clafles : 
I. Cryptanthous. 
II. Incomplete. 
III. Compound. 
IV. Grafles. 
V. Palms. 
VI. Liliaceous. 
VII. Ringent. 
VIII. Papilionaceous. 
IX. Cruciform. 
X. Umbelliferous. 
XI. Columniferous. 
XII. Calyciflorous ; i.e. ftamens and corolla, when pre- 
fent, inferted in the calyx. 
XIII. Fructiferous 5 i. e. fruit beneath the flower. 
XIV. With few ftamens. 
XV. With many ftamens. 
Wernifcheck’s method, publiftied in 1766, contains 
twenty Clafles : 
I. Monopetalous. Simple. Two-lipped. 
II. -—Four-cleft. 
III. ---Five-cleft. 
IV. —--* *-Six-cleft. 
V. «■ ■ -. . ....Anomalous 
VI. —--Compound. Tubular. 
VII. --■ -Ligulate. 
VIII. -Radiate. 
IX. Polypetalous - - Petals, 2, 4, and 8. 
X. ■ ■ ---4, cruciform. 
XI. -3 and 6. 
XII. ---5 and 10. 
XIII. -Umbellate. 
XIV. -Papilionaceous. 
XV. -Stamens more than 10. 
XVI. -Columniferous. 
XVII. Apetalous - - Calyx taking the place 
of a corolla. 
XVIII.-Rude, or none 
XIX. '---Glumous, grades. 
XX. . .— --Clandeftine. 
Wernifcheck is a Corollift; and with the exception of 
his 13th, 15th, and 16th, clafles, has ftriCtly adhered to his 
principle. His arrangement is juftly entitled to the praife 
of perfpicuity and elegance. 
La Marck’s method publiftied in 1786, confifts of the 
following Clafles and fubdivifions : 
I. Polypetalous. Thalamiferous. 
■ -■ --Calyciflorous. 
-•-FruCtiflorous. 
II. Monopetalous. FruCtiflorous. 
.---• Calyciflorous. 
— -- —--Thalamiferous angiofpermous. 
.. . .gymnofpermous. 
III. Compound DiltinCl. 
— ■ — -'Syngenefious tubular. 
-.-■-ligulate. 
IV. Incomplete. Thalamiflorous. 
-Calyciflorous. 
---Diclynous. 
•-——Gynandrous. 
V. One-lobed. FruCtiflorous. 
----Thalamiferous. 
VI. Cryptogamous. 
The Clafles of this very elegant method are founded on 
the prefence or abfence of the corolla with other charac¬ 
ters of that organ, and have the Angular advantage of 
defending, in. a regular and confpicuous gradation, from 
thofe plants to which the Author of Nature has given 
what may be called the mod numerous and the higheft 
endowments, to thofe which are but one degree removed 
from the mineral kingdom. 
At length, in 1789, the learned Profeflor Anthony- 
Laurence de Juflleu ventured to publith his late uncle’s 
fyftem, in the form of a Genera Plantarum, Jecundum 
ordines Naturales difpcjita. This volume was received by 
acclamation throughout Europe, and hailed as the moll 
learned botanical work that had appeared fince the Spe¬ 
cies Plantarum of Linnaeus. 
The author of the work judicioufly availed liimfelf of 
the mode of defining genera, by (hort elfential characters, 
as introduced by Linnaeus in the 10th edition of his Syf- 
tema Naturae, and fince adopted by Murray, Willdenow, 
and the generality of botanifts, inftead of the full or natu¬ 
ral characters, of the Linnaean Genera Plantarum. Thefe 
fliort characters, however, are not fervilely copied by 
Juflleu, but wherever he had materials they are revifed 
and ftudied, fo as to acquire all the merit of originality. 
Secondary characters and remarks are fubjoined, in a dif¬ 
ferent type, iiiuftrative of the habit, hiftory, or affinities, 
of the feveral genera. In his nomenclature Juflleu almoft 
entirely follows Linnteus, retaining only here and there 
a name of Tournefort’s in preference, and fwerving from 
claflical tafte and correClnefs principally with regard to 
the new genera of Aublet, whofe intolerably barbarous 
names are nearly all preferved. But a note in the pre¬ 
face informs us, that this adoption is only temporary, till 
the genera themfelves fhall be perfectly afcertained and 
defined. Where Juflleu differs from Linnaeus in certain 
generic appellations, it is principally becaufe the latter 
fails in refpeCt for his own laws ; as in the ufe of adjec¬ 
tives, like gloriofa, mirabilis, impatiens, fye. The inordinate 
abufe of generic names in honour of botanifts, of which 
Linnaeus is, too juftly, charged with fetting the example, 
meets with due reprobation from the French teacher j bus 
he has not as yet ftemmed the muddy torrent, nor pre- 
vented a great additional accumulation of fubfequent 
impurities. His commendation of Linnaeus, as the au¬ 
thor of a new and commodious fyftem of fpecific nomen¬ 
clature, as well as of technical definition on the bell 
principles, is liberal, manly, and juft, no lefs honourable 
to the writer than to the illuftrious fubjeCt of his re¬ 
marks. 
The fyftem of Juflleu confifts of fifteen Clafles, which 
are compofed, all together, of one hundred Orders. The 
characters of the Clafles depend, firft, on the number of 
cotyledons; next, the number ot petals ; and finally, the 
infertion of the ftamens or corolla. This is either liypo- 
gynous, (below the gerrnen;) periyynous , (into the calyx 
or corolla, which furrounds the gerrnen, being itfelf in¬ 
ferted beneath that part;) or epiyynous, (above the ger- 
men.) This agrees with the idea, long before publiftied, 
by Linnaeus, ot the great importance of infertion, or the 
fituation of parts with refpeCt to each other, in forming 
the outline of a natural fyftem. The Orders are moftly 
named from fome leading genus; and the whole are ex¬ 
hibited colleCIively below. 
Clafs I. Cotyledons wanting. 
Order 1. Fungi. 4. Mufci. 
2. Algae. 5. FiTices. 
3. Hepaticae. 6. Naiades. 
Clafs II. Cotyledon one. 
Order 7. AroVdea. 
8. Typhae. 
Stamens inferior. 
9. CyperoYdeae. 
10. Graraineas. 
Clafs III. Cotyledon one. 
Order 11. Palma:. 
12. Afparagi. 
13. Junci. 
14. Lilia. 
Stamens perigynous. 
15. Bromeliae. 
16. Afphodeli. 
17. Narciffi. 
18. Irides. 
7 
Clafs 
