688 P L E U R O 
Krais, wedged ; tail large, broad, a little rounded. In¬ 
habits, though rarely, fandy places on the mouths of 
rivers in Greenland : hardly a foot long; feeds on fmall 
worms and fi(h. In (hape refembles P. linguatula, in its 
fcales the common foie, and in its fpots the plaife. 
20. Pleuroneftes Sinenfis, the Chinefe foie : the caudal 
fin very large, quite diftin£t from the dorfal and anal, and 
rounded almoft like the top of a. pike; the right fide 
of the fi(h brown, with black dots arranged in a quin¬ 
cunx form; left fide white. This fpecies is defcribed 
by Cepede from the coloured Chinefe drawings brought 
from Holland to Paris during the revolutionary war. 
The dorfal fin begins behind the nape of the neck; this 
fin is very low for about half the total length of the fi(h, 
and there are twenty-three or twenty-four (liort ftrong 
1'pines along the left fide of the anterior part of that fin ; 
there are fimilar fpines along the left fide of the ante¬ 
rior part of the anal fin. Each operculum is made up 
of three or four pieces. The height of the fifii exceeds 
half the total length. Befides the black dots mentioned 
in the fpecific character, there are feveral irregular, large, 
brownilh, clouded fpots, upon the right fide. 
21. Pleurone&es pegufa, the pitch foies body and 
tail lengthened; peddorai fins ftraight, dorfal and anal 
higher towards the tail than towards the head; fcales 
minute, but adhering ftrongly to the (kin ; feven to nine 
large round blackifit fpots on the right fide. This 
fpecies inhabits the Mediterranean ; and, according to 
.Rondeletius, received its name from its fcales (licking on 
like pitch, for they cannot be eafily feparated till the fiih 
has been foaked in warm water. According to Noel, 
it is caught, though rarely, about Caen in Normandy. 
The handfome fpots on the right fide are placed on a 
reddifh ground, and fome inclofed in a dark border. 
22. Pleuronedles barbatus, the bearded foie : no pec¬ 
toral fins; barbies at the jaws, upper thelongeft; body 
oblong, with white circular fpots. This and five others, 
being deftitute of peftoral fins, are placed by Cepede in 
a feparate genus, achirus, which in Greek fignifies 
“ having no hands.” Its country is unknown. 
23. Pleuronefres marmoratus, tire .marbled foie : no pec¬ 
toral fins ; tail rounded, lateral line ftraight; upper jaw 
longeft ; right fide brown, with fpots and lines as white 
as milk. There are 72 rays in the dorfal fin, 55 in the 
anal, 5 in the ventrals, 18 in the tail, 5 or 6 in the mem¬ 
brane of the gills. This is a beautiful fpecies; firft ob- 
ferved by Commerfon at the Ifle of France in 1769. The 
fins are white mingled with grey and blue, and dotted 
with black. The fcales are hardly vifible. The dorfal 
fin reaches from the end of the fnout to the tail-fin. All 
along the bafe of the dorfal and anal fins, Commerfon ofc- 
ferved as many pores as rays; thefe little orifices, upon 
being prefied, yielded a milky juice. 
24. Pleuroneftes pavoninus, the peacock foie: no 
peftoral fins; upper jaw longeft; lateral line ftraight; 
fmall fcales at the origin of the dorfal and anal 
fins; irregular whitifti and brown ocellated fpots. Tiie 
dorfal fin has 57 rays, the anal 55, the ventrals 6 each, the 
caudal, which is rounded, 17. This is added likewife 
by Cepede from the colleflion of natural hiftory brought 
from Holland to Paris. The ocellated fpots have occa- 
fioned the name. The dorfal fin runs from the fnout to 
the tail-fin, which, however, is very vifibly diftinift from 
this and from the anal. 
II. Eyes on the left fide. 
25. Pleuronefiies lineatus, the lineated foie : no pefloral 
fins; body .rough, barred with black. 53 rays in the 
dorfal fin, 5 in the ventrals, 45 in the anal, v6 in the tail, 
which is rounded. Found in North America by Dr. 
Garden. Scales ciliar; upper fide brown, under whitifti. 
This is included in the preceding divifion by Cepede 
and Shaw; Gror.ovius defcribes it in the fame manner. 
Miftakes in engravings of this genus are fo common, that 
it is eafy to be deceived. 
N E C T E S. 
26. Pleuronedles bilineatus, the two-lined foie : pecto¬ 
ral fins none ; two lateral lines on each fide. There are 
four rays in the membrane of the gills, four in each ven¬ 
tral fin, and 174 in the anal, tail, and dorfal, fins, which 
are united. The body is thin and long. The head is 
large, the aperture of the mouth fmall and femiiunar; 
both jaws are armed with blunt teeth. Clofe to the 
upper lip may be feen on both fides two nollrils, the lower 
of which is funnel-fhaped. The eyes are fmall ; pupil 
white, furrounded by a fea-green iris and a white line; 
a very rare inftance of the pupil being light, and the iris 
dark. The aperture of the gills is wide, covered by a 
fingle plate, which conceals alfo the branchial membrane. 
The head and body are covered with little jagged fcales, 
almoft round. One of the lateral lines touches the back, 
the other is on the middle of the back ; both have their 
origin at the very extremity of the head, and extend to 
the tail, keeping always a parallel direftion. Befides 
thefe, there are two tranfverfe lines, one of which arifes 
from the upper lip, makes a bend near the covers of the 
gills, and then lofes itfelf in the lateral line which is near 
the gills; the fecond begins above this, and goes acrofs 
to the upper lateral line. All the fins are brown with 
fimple rays; the dorfal fin, which furrounds the head, is 
loft in the tail-fin, as is the anal alfo; the anus is not far 
from the aperture of the gills. This fi(h is alfo remarkable 
for haVing no pe£loral fins; neither can any fcales be 
perceived on the fins, except indeed the tail. The upper 
furface is brown towards the edges, and yellow in the 
middle ; the under fide is white inclining to red. This 
fi(h haunts the leas of China and the Ealt Indies. The 
fpecies is not very well known ; it is probably good food, 
like the reft of the foies 5 it lives, like them, on fnails 
and fmall crabs. Its fize and weight are not exadtiy 
known. The liver is oblong, confifting of one lobe; the 
fpleen round and fmall; the Itomach thin, and in (hape, 
of a bag; the inteftinal canal had many bendings. Bloch 
found in the fifii he examined neither melt nor ova; he 
received fpecimens of it from Mr. John, of Tranquebar. 
27. Pieuroneftes ornatus, the handfome foie : no pec¬ 
toral fins; one lateral line; fcales fmall, round, and fer- 
rated ; eight or nine dark bands on the body. From the 
beginning of the dorfal to the tip of the tail-fin, 95 
rays; from the beginning of the anal to the tip of the 
tail, 82 rays. Given by Cepede from the Dutch col¬ 
lection before mentioned ; this is the laft fpecies without 
ventral fins. 
28. Pieuroneftes pundtatus, the prickly foie: broad_ 
marbled body, with very rough fcales. There are 11 rays 
in the pedtoral fins, 6 in the ventral, 68 in the anal, 14 in 
the tail, and 89 in the dorfal. The body is oval; the 
head middle-fixed, with very fmall fcales ; but the aper¬ 
ture of the mouth is pretty large, and both jaws are armed 
with feveral rows of teeth (landing very clofe and bend- 
inginwards; there are two bones in the upper lip, which 
are moveable alfo; and juft above appears one oblong 
noftril. The eyes projedt, the pupil is black, iris fea- 
green; and behind each eye is a black ftripe. The fcales 
are fmall, jagged, and very clofe. The lateral line, which 
fifes from the upper eye, bends oppoiite the pedtoral fin, 
and then keeps on ftraight to the tail. The upper furfac-e 
is brown towards the edge, afn-coioured in the middle; 
the under fide is white inclining to red. The fins are 
grey, with broad rays, and covered with fcales; the dor- 
fid fin begins at the upper lip, and terminates near the 
tail. The body and fins are Fall of blackifit fpots round 
and oblong. The red fpots with which this fpecies is alfo 
overfptead, and its refemblance to the turbot, have got .it 
the name of rothbutt among the'Germans, and reltbull in 
Denmark. They inhabit the North Sea ; Jags met with 
them in Cornwall, and Pennant in the Thames at Lon¬ 
don. Ray reckons it among the rare fifii of Cornwall. 
At Copenhagen they are common in the markets; yet nei¬ 
ther Pontoppklau nor Muller mention them. They grow 
pretty large;; that defcribed by Pennant was 18 inches 
long, 
