S C H 
formerly from payments made by foreign powers, for leave 
to levy soldiers within the canton. The inhabitants made a 
spirited but unavailing resistance to the French in 1798, and 
suffered severely in 1799, when Switzerland became the 
theatre of military operations. 
SCHWEITZ, the chief town of the preceding canton, is 
delightfully situated in a valley, about two miles from the 
lake of Lowerz. It contains 5000 inhabitants, and has a 
large church, but no other public edifices of interest. Se¬ 
veral of the private dwellings are good, but the inhabitants 
were long in recovering the losses caused by the military 
operations of 1798 and 1799; 26 miles south-by-east of 
Zurich, and 17 east of Lucerne, 
SCAWELM, a small town of Prussian Westphalia, in 
the county of Mark, on the river Schwelm; 27 miles north¬ 
east of Cologne, and 22 east of Dusseldorf. Population 
23000. The inhabitants of the town and neighbourhood 
have established manufactures of iron, cotton stuffs, linen, 
and silks; and their numbers have in consequence received 
much augmentation, a small district, by no means fertile, of 
47 square miles, having now 10,000 inhabitants. 
SCHWENCKFELDT (Gasparde), a religious enthusiast, 
of a noble family in Sdesia, was born at the castle of Ossig, 
in the duchy of Lignitz, in 1490. After passing some years 
with the duke, to whom he was counsellor, he began to 
learn the Greek language, and to study the scriptures and 
fathers of the church. He joined the Protestant party; but 
upon examining the doctrines and rites established by Luther, 
he found many things which appeared to him to be errone¬ 
ous. He accordingly formed opinions for himself, and began 
to propagate them in Silesia, after which he went to Stras- 
burg, Augsburg, and other imperial cities, every where in¬ 
culcating his peculiar tenets, and every where encountering 
the enmity of the zealots of other sects. His morals were 
ure, his piety fervent, and his sincerity unquestionable; 
ut he had a great propensity to fanaticism, which induced 
him to believe that he received the doctrines which he taught 
from immediate divine inspiration. He differed from Luther 
in three principal points:—1. With regard to the Eucharist, 
he inverted the words “ this is my body,” and would have 
them understood thus; “ my body is this, that is, such as 
this bread which is broken and consumed; a true and real 
food, which nourishes and satisfies the soul. My blood is 
this, that is, such in its effects as the wine, which strengthens 
and refreshes the heart.” 2. With respect to the efficacy of 
the divine word, he denied that the external word which is 
committed to writing in the scriptures, possesses the power 
of healing, illuminating, and renewing the mind; and he 
ascribed this power to the internal word, which, according 
to his notion, was Christ himself. 3. He would not allow 
Christ’s human nature, in its exalted state, to be called a 
creature, or a created substance, which denomination ap¬ 
peared to him infinitely beneath its dignity. To these and 
other mystical notions he was so much devoted, that he 
passed a life of wandering and contention in propagating 
them, and by means of his eloquence and zeal, he obtained 
a great number of followers. He died at Ulm, in the year 
1561. He had founded a church in Silesia. His works 
have been frequently reprinted. 
SCHWENKFELDIA [so named by Schreber, in memory 
of Caspar Schenckfelt, a Silesian physician, author of a ca¬ 
talogue of the plants and fossils in Silesia], in Botany, a 
genus of the class pentandria, order monogynia, natural 
order of rubiacese.—Generic Character. Calyx: involucre 
four-leaved. Perianth one-leaved, five-parted, superior, per¬ 
manent : segments lanceolate, acute. Corolla one-petalled, 
funnel-form: tube long, slender: throat hirsute: border 
five-parted: segments lanceolate,acute. Stamina: filaments 
five, inserted into the tube of the corolla. Anthers parallelo. 
piped, incumbent. Pistil: germ inferior, ovate. Style fili¬ 
form. Stigmas five, oblong Pericarp: berry globular, 
crowned with the calyx, five-celled. Seeds very many, very 
small, fastened to semilunar receptacles .—Essential Cha¬ 
racter. Involucre four-leaved. Corolla funnel-form. Stig- 
Vol. XXII. No. 1541. 
S C H 793 
mas five. Berry five-celled, many seeded. (Corolla salver- 
form. Stigma five-parted. (Willd.) 
1. Schwenkfeldia hirta.—Leaves ovate-lanceolate, acumi¬ 
nate, flowers peduncled. It is a climbing shrub, branched, 
with the stem and branches striated and hirsute. Stipules 
large, interposed between the petioles, wide, cordate-ovate, 
membranaceous, whitish. Peduncles axillary, from the 
bosom of the stipules, shorter than the petioles, umbellifer¬ 
ous. Flowers pedicelled, white, void of scent.—Native of 
Jamaica, in the western parts of the island, in mountain 
woods : flowering in April. 
2. Schwenkfeldia cinerea.—Leaves oblong, acute, tomen ■ 
tose, hoary beneath, flowers subsessile. This is also a 
climbing shrub, with the stem and branches round and his¬ 
pid ; the branchlets scattered, spreading, tomentose.—Na¬ 
tive of Cayenne and Guiana, in hedges. 
3. Schwenkfeldia aspera.—-Leaves elliptic, acuminate, 
rough, hoary beneath, flowers sessile.—Native of Guiana, 
on the banks of rivers. 
SCIIWENKIA [so named by Van Royen, from Martin 
Wilhelm Schwencke, physician and professor of botany at 
the Hague], in Botany, a genus of the class diandria, order 
monogynia, natural order of luridae; scrophulariae CJuss.J 
—Generic Character. Calyx: perianth one-leafed, tubular, 
striated, straight, five-toothed, permanent. Corolla one-pe¬ 
talled : tube cylindrical, length of the calyx: border almost 
regular, length of the calyx, inflated at the throat, five- 
plaited : plaits closing the orifice in form of a star, with a 
glandular body growing upon the exterior angles of the 
plaits, the two upper ones longer than the glands. Stamina: 
filaments five; three shorter, bristle-shaped, castrated; two 
upper, longer, fertile. Anthers two, ovate, acute, two-celled. 
Pistil: germ globular. Style simple, length of the stamens. 
Stigma obtuse. Pericarp: capsule compressed like a lens, 
smooth, longer than the enlarged calyx, two-celled, two- 
valved. Seeds very many, very small, somewhat angular. 
Receptacle subglobular. In a natural order it approaches 
very near to Browallia.— Essential Character. Corolla 
almost equal, with the throat plaited and glandular. Sta¬ 
mina three, barren. Capsule two-celled, many-seeded. 
Schwenkia Americana, or Guinea schwenkia.—It is a 
biennial plant, with alternate leaves and axillary flowers.— 
Native of Guinea: it flowers in August and September. 
SCHWENNINGEN, a large village of the west of Ger¬ 
many, in Wirtemberg. Population 2500 ; 3 miles east of 
Villingen. 
SCHWERIN (Curt, Christopher), Count Von, a cele¬ 
brated Prussian general, was born of a noble family, in the 
year 1684. He was educated till the age of 13 at home, 
under the direction of able tutors; but having lost his father 
in 1697, he was left to the care of his mother and an uncle, 
the Hessian general Detlof von Schwerin, who had distin¬ 
guished himself in the war in Brabant. By the friendly 
assistance of the latter, who sent for him to the Hague, he 
was enabled to prosecute his studies at Leyden, and other 
places; but in the 17th year of his age, he relinquished 
scientific pursuits, and entered into the Dutch service, in the 
regiment commanded by his uncle, and in which his eldest 
brother, who was afterwards killed, in 1704, in the storming 
of Donaverth, held a commission. In 1705, he was made 
captain at the early age of 21, and in the following cam- 
aign served under prince Eugene, and the duke of Marl- 
orough, and from these able commanders learned those 
principles of the art of war, which, in the course of his 
military career, he practised with so much success. About 
this time his uncle quitted the army, with an intention of 
spending the remainder of his days in retirement, and on 
this account the nephew resigned his company, and entered 
into the service of the duke of Mecklenburg Schwerin, in 
which he obtained, in 1706, the rank of lieutenant-colonel. 
In the following year he obtained a regiment, and, by his 
excellent conduct, he gained the confidence so completely of 
his sovereign, that, in 1712, he was dispatched on a mission 
to Charles XIL, of Sweden. In 1718 he became a major- 
9 Q general; 
