830 
SCOT 
Scotland ; belonging to Scotland.—The Scotch universities 
hold but one term or session in the year. Johnson. 
SCO TCH COLLOPS, or Scotched Collops, s. Veal 
cut into small pieces. 
SCOTCH FIR, the common name of Pinus, which see. 
SCOtCH FIR POINT, a cape on the west coast of North 
America, in the gulf of Georgia, so called by Captain Van¬ 
couver, from the Scotch firs found there, being the first they 
had seen on the coast. It lies on the north, at the entrance 
info Jervis’s canal. Laf. 49. 42. N. long. 236. 17. E. 
SCOICH HOPPERS, s. A play in which boys hop 
over lines or scotches in the ground.—Children being in¬ 
different to any thing they can do, dancing and scotch 
hoppers would Ire the same thing to them, l^ocke. 
^ SCOTCH PLAINS, a post village of the United States, in 
Essex county. New Jersey. 
SCOTER, a name of the anas nigra, called also the 
black diver. 
SCOTFORTH, a village of England, in Lancashire; 1L 
mile south of Lancaster. Population 466. 
SCOTHERNE, a parish of England, in Lincolnshire; 5 
miles north-east of Lincoln. 
SCOTHOLM, one of the smaller Shetland isles. Lat. 60. 
•36. N. long. 1. 8. W. 
SCOTIA, in Architecture, a semicircular cavity or channel 
in the bases of columns. 
'i he scotia is a concave dark moulding; whence its name, 
viz. from ctkotc;, obscurity, darkness. 
The scotia has an effect just opposite to that of the 
quarter-round. Our workmen frequently call it the case¬ 
ment. 
It is also called trochilus, partly from its form. 
In the Ionic and Corinthian base there are two scotias, the 
upper of which is the smaller. 
According to Felibien, the cavetto is a fourth part of the 
scotia. 
SCO'TIST, s. A follower of Scofus, the schoolman. 
The Scotists were, like the Thomists, Peripatetics; only 
distinguished by this, that in each being, as many different 
qualities as it had, so many different formalities did they 
distinguish ; all distinct from the body itself, and making, as 
it were, so many different entities; only those were metaphy¬ 
sical, and, as it were, superadded to the being. 
The Scotists and Thomists likewise disagreed about the 
nature of the divine co-operation with the human will, the 
measure of divine grace that is necessary to salvation, and 
other abstruse and minute questions, which it is needless to 
enumerate. 
SCOTLAND, one of the three chief divisions of the 
kingdom of Great Britain. It is situated, exclusive of the 
Hebrides on the west, and the Shetland and Orkney islands 
on tee north, between 54" 37' and 58 p 42' north latitude, 
and between 1° 47' and 6° 7' west longitude, from London. 
It is bounded on the south by the. Solway frith, and the 
rivers Esk, Lark, Liddel, and Tweed, which divide it from 
England; on the east and north by the Northern ocean; 
and on the west by the waters of the Allant.c. Its greatest 
length, in a direction due north and south, is 275 miles, and 
its greatest breadth 147 miles; but its breadth is extremely 
various, and in one place does not exceed 36 miles. Accord¬ 
ing to calculation, the superficial contents of the mainland 
amount to 25,520 square miles of land, 494 square miles of 
fresh-water lakes, and 5000 square miles of salt-water lochs 
or lakes. The islands, comprehend an area'of 4224 square 
miles, so that Scotland, with its lakes and islands, presents a 
surface of 30,238 square miles. 
The history of Scotland, previous to the union of the two 
crowns, has been divided by Dr. Robertson into four periods ; 
the first reaching from the most remote ages to the reign of 
Kenneth II., the second, from Kenneth’s conquest of the 
Piets to the death of Alexander III.; the third, from that 
event to the death of James V.; and the last, thence to the 
advancement of James VI. to the throne of England. The 
first of these periods, observes the same author, is the region 
LAND. 
of pure fable; truth begins to draw in the second period 
with a light, feeble at first, but gradually increasing: the 
events which then happened may be slightly touched, but 
merit no laborious inquiry. In the third period, Scottish 
history, chiefly by means of records preserved in England, 
becomes more authentic; not only are events related, but 
their causes and effects explained; the characters of the 
actors are displayed; the manners of the age described; and 
the revolutions in the constitution pointed out. During the 
fourth period, the affairs of Scotland were so much mingled 
with, these of other nations; its situation in the political 
state of Europe was so important; its influence on the 
operations of neighbouring kingdoms was so visible; that 
its history becomes an object of attention. 
We shall advert to the first periods only in a general way, 
and shall dilate our narrative, in proportion as events become 
more important. 
I.—History of the First and Second Periods. 
The aboriginal inhabitants of Caledonia were a colony 
of *the Celtas. This is proved by the remains of a Celtic 
language amongst the Scots, but still more by the many 
typographical names abounding in the country, that are 
evidently derived from the same source. Respecting the 
period at which the Celts arrived in North Britain, and the 
route by which they reached the country, nothing is known ; 
nor has record, or tradition, preserved to us the smallest trace 
of their history, till the period of Agncola’s invasion, when 
their descendants appear to have been divided into twenty- 
one distinct clans, who are usually mentioned in the Latin 
writers by the generic name of Caledonians. On the advance 
of the Romans into their country, they united under the 
authority of Galgacus, one of their most powerful chief¬ 
tains, to resist their progress. The utmost efforts of va¬ 
lour, however, proved unavailing against the military skill 
of the great Agricola, and the discipline of the legionary 
troops. In his first campaign in North Britain, A. D. 80, 
that celebrated general penetrated, according to Tacitus, 
as far as the river Tay ; and in the year following he con¬ 
structed a chain of forts between the friths of Clyde and 
Forth, within which he had retired for the protection of the 
southern country against the inroads of the free tribes of 
the North. The summer of 82 was employed in subduing 
and securing the district which extends from the Solway to 
the Clyde. Thus freed from the danger of a flank attack, 
he again passed the Forth, and advanced, without opposition, 
as far as Loch Leven, establishing, as he proceeded, military 
posts to keep the inhabitants in subjection. These posts the 
Caledonians had the hardihood to attack ; and by this dis¬ 
play of daring intrepidity, seem to have struck great terror 
info the Roman soldiers. In this dilemma, Agrjcola di¬ 
vided his army into three bodies, and pushed forward the 
weakest to Loehore, where he ordered it to encamp, while 
he stationed the other two at short distances on the right 
and left. The Caledonians, perceiving the Romans thus 
separated, made a vigorous attack during the night on the 
infrenchments at Loehore, and had already entered the camp, 
when Agricola arrived with the light troops of the other 
divisions, and, after a furious combat, repulsed the assailants, 
and forced them to a disorderly and precipitate flight. This 
victory, though dearly bought, inspired the Romans with 
renewed ardour; but it did not intimidate the Caledonians, 
who magnanimously resolved to dispute every foot of ground 
with the invaders. Agricola consequently found sufficient 
employment during the remainder of the year in subduing 
the Horestii, the inhabitants of the isthmus between the Tay 
and the Forth. The following year he advanced to the base 
of the Grampian mountains, where the Caledonian warriors 
lay enoamped and prepared to receive him. The battle 
which ensued was contested with the most obstinate valour, 
but at length terminated in the complete overthrow oi the 
Caledonians. Agricola, however, seems to have derived little 
advantage from his victory, for after a few days spent in ascer¬ 
taining the condition of the enemy, he led his troops back to 
