836 
SCOT 
to an insurrection raised by Angus, earl of Moray, who was 
defeated and slain at Stracathrow, one of the passes of 
Forfarshire. During these transactions David maintained 
the strictest amity with England, till the civil dissentions 
which ensued upon the death of Henry, when he took up 
arms in support of the empress Matilda; but he afterwards 
concluded a treaty with the usurper, Stephen. This lasted 
about two years, when David again passed the borders, and 
fought the battle of the “ Standard” on the 22d of August, 
1138- In that action the Scots were overthrown 
with great slaughter, and the king himself, with the re¬ 
mains of his army, found great difficulty in securing a 
retreat to Carlisle. David nevertheless soon recruited his 
troops, and shewed himself to be still formidable, by re¬ 
ducing the castle of Werk; but his further progress was 
arrested by the conclusion of peace. After this David ap¬ 
plied himself chiefly to the laudable task of civilizing his 
yet semi-barbarous subjects. He founded several towns, and 
enacted the “ Leges Burgorum,” which still continue partly in 
force. He likewise introduced into the kingdom many 
Anglo-Saxon, Anglo-Norman, and Anglo-Belgic inhabit¬ 
ants, a measure that met with great opposition, but which 
nevertheless was eventually advantageous to Scotland. 
David died at Carlisle in May, 1153, and was succeeded by 
the grandson of Malcolm, who had scarcely seated himself 
on the throne, before Somerled, an Hebridean chief, invaded 
the Mainland, and forced him to take the field. After 
various conflicts, Somerled was repulsed, but not subdued ; 
and Malcolm was forced to conclude a peace, with him, 
upon terms degrading to the dignity v of the Scottish 
monarch. 
About this time, the demise of Stephen placed the crown 
of England on the head of Henry II., who not only dis¬ 
regarded his solemn engagements to cede to Scotland the 
country lying between the Tyne and the Tweed, but de¬ 
manded restitution of those territories which Malcom held 
in England. The latter, conscious of his inability to wage 
war with so powerful a monarch, complied with this unjusti¬ 
fiable demand ; and in return, Henry conferred On him the 
honour of Huntington, for which he did homage in 1157, 
reserving all his dignities. Malcolm on that occasion was 
invested with the honour of knighthood; after which he 
accompanied Henry to France. These circumstances ex¬ 
cited great discontent among the barons, and Somerled 
took advantage of the distracted state of the country to 
renew his inroads. Malcolm, however, on his return tri¬ 
umphed over all his adversaries; but did not long enjoy 
his good fortune, for he died at Jedburgh on the 8th of 
December, 1165. 
William, the brother of Malcolm, now ascended the 
throne, and almost immediately repaired to the English 
court to demand the restoration of Northumberland. Henry 
amused him with fair promises for twelve months, when 
William began to perceive the futility of further solicita¬ 
tion; and therefore entered into a league with France, in 
1168, though it does not appear that war was the immediate 
result. William, however, wasted the borders in 1173; 
and in the subsequent year engaged in a similar expedition, 
during which he was surprised in his camp at Alnwick, and 
taken prisoner, an event wffiichcost him the ancient independ ¬ 
ency of his crown; for, in order to gain his liberty, he stipu¬ 
lated to do homage to Henry for Scotland and all his other pos¬ 
sessions ; engaged that ali the barons and nobility of his 
kingdom should also do homage; that the bishops should 
take an oath of fealty ; that both should swear to adhere to 
the king of England against their native prince, if the latter 
should break his engagements; and that the fortresses of 
Edinburgh, Stirling, Berwick, Roxburgh, and Jedburgh, 
should be delivered up to Henry till the performance of all 
these articles. “ This severe and humiliating treaty,’’ says 
Hume, “was executed in its full rigour. William, being 
released, brought up all his barons, prelates and abbots, and 
they did homage to Henry in the Cathedral of York, and 
acknowledged him and his successors for their superior lord. 
LAND. 
The English monarch stretched still further the rigour of the 
conditions which he exacted. He engaged the king and 
states to make a perpetual cession of the fortresses of Berwick 
and Roxburgh, and to allow the castle of Edinburgh to re¬ 
main in his possession for a limited time.” This is the first 
great ascendant which England obtained over Scotland. 
These disgraceful measures, and the feeble conduct of 
William, rendered him extremely unpopular. The lords of 
Galloway and Ross successively displayed the standard of 
rebellion, and though eventually compelled to submit, kept 
the kingdom in a state of disquietude for some years. In 
1188, Henry II. sent Hugh, bishop of Durham, and several 
priests, into Scotland, to collect a disne for the Holy Land; 
but this met with the warmest opposition. He next offered 
to restore the castles of Roxburgh and Berwick to William, 
if he would give the tenths of the kingdom for the holy war; 
and his consent was only withheld, in consequence of the 
barons and clergy indignantly declaring, that “ they would 
not pay, although both kings should have sworn to levy- 
them.” This was the last proposal of Henry affecting the 
independence of Scotland, as he died soon afterwards, 
leaving his crown to his son Richard, who restored to Wil¬ 
liam all the rights and territories which had been wrested 
from him during the government of his father: thus Scotland 
again resumed her independence, though her monarch be¬ 
came the baronial vassal of England, as earl of Huntington. 
In the latter capacity, William did homage to king John, 
A. D. 1200; and, after the ceremony, demanded restitution 
of the three northern counties of England, a demand which 
was tacitly refused. In 1209, both monarchs assembled 
their troops on the borders, but the interference of their re¬ 
spective barons effected a reconciliation without bloodshed. 
From this period William lived in peace till his death, which 
occurred on the 4th of December, 1214. 
Alexander II., the son of William, succeeded to the throne, 
and almost immediately engaged in hostilities against king 
John, in support of the barons. John lost no time in making 
a signal retaliation. In 1216, he passed the Tweed, and 
burnt the towns of Dunbar and Haddington. Alexander 
next year entered England to join Lewis, the French prince; 
but the death of John, and the subsequent disasters of Lewis, 
prevented the accomplishment of his designs, and a treaty 
was soon after concluded with Henry III. This pacification 
lasted till the year 1233, when the English king thought 
proper to call in question the validity of Alexander’s corona¬ 
tion, and even intrigued to deprive him of his crown. In an 
interview between the two kings at Newcastle, they endea¬ 
voured in vain to accommodate their differences. They ad¬ 
justed them nevertheless at York, in September, 1237; but 
as the terms of their agreement were unequal, it was not of 
long duration. Jealousies arose between them in 1244; 
Henry collected a large force at Newcastle, and Alexander 
marched to the frontiers a highly disciplined army, amount¬ 
ing, as some writers state, to the number of 100,000 men, 
all animated with the most determined resolution, to defend 
their country. The appearance of so formidable a force in¬ 
duced the English barons to mediate a peace, which was 
accordingly agreed to. Alexander was next roused from 
repose by an insurrection in Galloway, which he had 
scarcely quelled, before Angus, lord of Argyle, assumed 
independence, and refused to acknowledge the sovereignty 
of the Scottish crown. The king marched against him, but 
died in Kerreray, an islet on the coast of Argyle, on the 
8 th of July, 1249- Chalmers remarks concerning this 
prince, .that he is properly characterised by Fordun, “ as a 
king, pious, just and brave; as the shield of the church, the 
safeguard of the people, and the friend of the miserable.” 
Alexander III. was crowned at Scone, Juiy 13, 1249, 
after having been knighted by David de Berneham, bishop 
of St. Andrews. In 1251, he celebrated his nuptials with 
Margaret, daughter of Henry III., and on that occasion did 
homage for his English lands. The selfishness of Henry led 
him to demand homage for the kingdom of Scotland also, 
but the young king, with equal fortitude and prudence, re- 
