840 
SCOT 
is said to have lost only one knight, one esquire, and thirteen 
private soldiers; an inequality, as Hume properly remarks, 
almost incredible. 
By this victory Baliol again obtained the sovereignty, and 
was formally acknowledged king in a parliament assembled at 
Edinburgh. The terms on which he acquired that dignity, 
however, were too degrading for the Scottish nation to sub¬ 
mit to long; as he not only swore fealty to Edward, but 
actually ceded to him, in perpetual possession, all the south¬ 
eastern counties of the kingdom. No sooner, therefore, 
were the English troops withdrawn, than the Scots, a second 
time, effected the expulsion of Baliol. Edward marched 
again into Scotland, and the patriots prudently retired to their 
hills and fastnesses, whence they issued immediately on his re¬ 
treat, and re-conquered their country. A third time the 
English monarch became the invader, and with similar suc¬ 
cess; for every new attempt to impose the discarded mo¬ 
narch upon the nation, only served to inflame the general 
indignation. 
The English king about this time was led to advance pre¬ 
tensions to the throne of France, which soon embroiled him 
in a war with that kingdom. This event elated the hopes 
of the Scots, who gradually reduced all the fortified places 
held by the English within their territories; and in order that 
they might , have the countenance of sovereign authority, 
they invited David and his queen to return to Scotland. 
The royal pair accordingly landed at Innerberry, in the 
Mearns, in June, 1342. Indignant at the desolation that 
every where met his eyes, David immediately entered Eng¬ 
land, and ravaged the country as far as Newcastle, to which 
he laid siege ; but after several disastrous assaults, he was 
obliged to abandon the enterprize. David again invaded 
England in 1347, and advanced to the vicinity of Durham, 
where he was encountered by an English force, raised by the 
energetic conduct of queen Philippa. The contest was 
warmly maintained for some time on both sides, but the 
Scots were in the end defeated, and the king himself, and 
many of the nobility, made prisoners. Baliol, who com¬ 
manded the English army in this action, prosecuted his vic¬ 
tory with great vigour. Before the conclusion of the year 
he had reduced the castles of Hermitage and Roxburgh, and 
extended his conquests over Annandale, Teviotdale and 
Tweedale. In the next year success continued to attend his 
march; but in 1348 he was forced to retreat into England, 
and a truce was agreed to. On its expiration, in 1355, the 
Bruces once more took the field, which they were better 
enabled to do by means of a considerable assistance, both in 
men and money, furnished to them by the French king. 
One party, commanded by lord Douglas, completely de¬ 
feated the English marchers at Nisbet Moor, and after¬ 
wards assaulted and took the town of Berwick, but the ap¬ 
proach of Edward prevented the reduction of the castle. 
At this period, Baliol, tired of attempting to regain a crown, 
determined to retire into private life, and to resign to the 
English king all his rights to the throne, in exchange for a 
subsistence adequate to his rank. The bargain was agreed to, 
and Edward marched into Scotland with a powerful army, 
to secure his newly acquired possessions. The Scots adopted 
the wise policy of harassing their enemy by frequent skir¬ 
mishes, in which they were so successful, that Edward was 
soon compelled to a precipitate retreat. During these events 
David remained a prisoner in England, but in May, 1357, a 
truce was concluded, wherein he was virtually acknowledged 
king, and was ransomed for the sum of 100,000 marks, to 
be paid by instalments within ten years. 
David having, by this treaty, gained his liberty, paid 
the two first instalments of his ransom; but he found it im¬ 
practicable to raise money for the third payment. After 
various unsuccessful expedients, therefore, he was obliged 
to appeal to Edward himself, and to conclude a treaty with 
him in 1363, in which it was stipulated that the latter should 
succeed to the throne of Scotland, and that a federal union 
of that kingdom with England should take place, provided 
David died without issue. But the Scottish nobles having 
LAND. 
rendered this treaty nugatory and unavailing, another was 
agreed to in May, 1365, by which Scotland became bound 
to pay to England the sum of £100,000 within the 
space of 25 years. From this period no event occurred 
worthy of notice in the history of Scotland, till the death 
of David, which happened in Feb. 22, 1370-71 ; when 
Robert H. succeeded to the throne, and was crowned at 
Scone on the 26th of March, 1371, at the advanced age of 55. 
Among the first acts of his government, was the dispatch 
of ambassadors to France, by whom was negociated a treaty, 
which stipulated that neither the king of Scotland nor the 
king of France should be obliged to make war upon Eng¬ 
land ; that not even the dispensation of the pope should re¬ 
lieve either party from their engagement to each other; that 
in the event of a competition for the crown of Scotland, 
the king of France should take care that no English in¬ 
fluence was used; that he should acknowledge the king 
elected conformably to the laws; and that no Frenchman 
should serve against Scotland, nor any Scotchman against 
France. 
Robert and Edward continued to keep up a friendly 
correspondence, notwithstanding their respective borderers 
were engaged in perpetual hostility, and the former was 
punctual in discharging the instalments of his uncle’s ran¬ 
som. 
Robert, who had a numerous progeny, and seems to have 
feared some disputes might arise relative to the succession 
after his death, convoked a parliament at Scone, in April, 
1373, in order that their declaration might guard the king¬ 
dom from a repetition of its past misfortunes. This parlia¬ 
ment recognized, in the first instance, the title of John, earl 
of Carrick, and the Stewart of Scotland, his eldest son by 
Elizabeth More, his first wife, thereafter his other sons by 
the same lady, according to their seniority; his sons by Eu- 
phemia Ross, his second wife; and lastly, “the true and 
lawful heirs of the blood and stock royal.” Buchanan erro¬ 
neously calls Euphemia Ross the first wife, and Elizabeth 
the second wife, alleging that the children of the latter were 
born during an illegitimate connexion in early life; but 
sufficient evidence has been adduced from papal archives to 
shew that the king married Elizabeth More at a date prior 
to his marriage with queen Euphemia, and that she died 
long before he ascended the throne. 
In 1377 the border wars began to rage with signal fury. 
The lord Percy, now Earl of Northumberland, ravaged the 
estates of the earl of March, and a party of Scots, com¬ 
manded by one Ramsay, surprised the castle of Berwick, 
and declared that they held it for the king of France. It 
was re-taken, however, by assault, after a siege of nine days, 
when all the garrison, except Ramsay, were put to the 
sword. The English army then marched into Scotland, but 
their advanced guard having been entirely cut off, they de¬ 
sisted from their expedition. In 1379, the Scottish bor¬ 
derers again invaded England, and laid waste the country. 
The earl of Northumberland, in retaliation, fitted out 
privateers, and captured some Scotch ships; but the English 
government resented these proceedings, and ordered the 
border earls not to provoke the Scots, but to observe the 
trace. These commands, however, not being attended to, 
the earl of Douglas burst into Cumberland with 20,000 
men, plundered the town of Penrith during its fair, and re¬ 
turned with an immense booty in merchandize, besides 40,000 
head of cattle. 
The Duke of Lancaster, about this time, was sent to re¬ 
press the borderers, and also to obtain some satisfaction from 
the Scottish king for the many infractions of the existing 
truce, which had been committed by his subjects. Before 
he entered upon hostilities, however, he invited the Scots to 
a treaty, and a truce was agreed to for ten months, which 
was afterwards prolonged for seven months more. But this 
convention seems to have related only to the borders, as the 
Scottish monarch does not appear as a party to it. This 
pacific conduct of the duke created him many enemies in 
England. Hence, when the people rebelled against his 
nephew’s 
