SCOTLAND. 
853 
as a material for the fabrication of cloth. It was used at 
first as woof only, the warp being linen yarn. The fabrics 
thus produced were stout chequered and striped goods, and 
also plain cloth, which was either printed or dyed. 
At present 120 cotton mills have been erected in Scotland, 
of which 112 are employed, besides several small works in 
different parts of the country, comparatively speaking of 
little importance. 
The introduction and general use of the fly-shuttle, have 
greatly tended to promote the cotton manufacture, by 
facilitating the operation of weaving ; and power looms 
are now used, having been introduced at Stockport in 
England at nearly the same time. These machines were at 
first very imperfect; and although only coarse goods can as 
yet be woven on them, there is ■still every reason to expect, 
that in time, they may be made to answer for weaving fine 
fabrics. There are of power looms about 1500 working in 
Scotland, chiefly in Dumbartonshire, Stirlingshire, Ayrshire, 
Renfrewshire and Lanarkshire. 
With machinery so highly improved, the cotton ma¬ 
nufacture has been carried to the highest pitch of improve¬ 
ment, and every variety of goods is made in Scotland, from 
the coarsest to the finest fabrics: and while the annual value 
of the cotton manufacture exceeds six millions sterling, it 
gives employment to 15,000 persons. 
The value of the woollen, linen and cotton trades, then, 
may be estimated at upwards of eight millions sterling per 
annum. The hat and paper manufactures, together with 
that of iron and the other metals, may amount to two 
millions. Ship-building, and those branches in which 
timber is chiefly employed, exclusive of the fitting up of 
houses, is not less than one million. The leather, brewery, 
distillery, glass, pottery, soap, salt and tobacco trade, may 
amount to two millions and a half; and, including the 
minor branches, it is highly probable that the whole 
manufactures in Scotland will annually exceed in value 
fourteen millions sterling, including the price of the raw 
materials. 
• The following Table shows the number of persons em¬ 
ployed in Manufactures in Scotland of various descrip¬ 
tions :— 
I. — Manufactures 
from domesticma 
terials chiefly. 
1. Linen and hemp 
2. Woollen ma-'V 
nufacture.. J 
3. Iron ... 
4. Liquors. 
5. Paper ... 
6 . Cooper’s work.. 
7. Leather. 
8 . Ship & small! 
crafts. j 
9. Glass _____ 
10. Soap. 
II. Combs and! 
spoons .... J 
12. Pottery, \ 
bricks, &c. J 
13. Salt. 
14. Cutlery ...... 
II .—Manufactures 
from foreign 
terials. 
1. Cotton ... 
2. Silk. 
Total .. 
The following Table contains a general view of the 
Manufactures of Scotland:— 
Value of raw 
material. 
1. Cotton goods_.£1,832,225 
2. Miscellaneous goods 1,300,000 
3. Linen goods. 834,149 
4. Woollen goods.... 300,000 
Profit of La- 
bour. 
£5,132,362 
3,700,000 
940,851 
150,000 
Total value. 
£6,964,586 
5,000,000 
1,775,000 
450,000 
Persons employed for the 
use of 
Foreign 
Total per- 
Scotland. 
England. 
parts. 
sons. 
19,000 
11,600 
46,000 
76,600 
15,900 
2,300 
6,600 
24,800 
12,400 
320 
460 
13,180 
3,695 
930 
165 
4,390 
2,290 
350 
760 
3,400 
1,900 
30 
680 
2,610 
2,000 
100 
300 
2,400 
1,150 
100 
150 
1,400 
725 
190 
325 
1,140 
810 
740 
70 
580 
130 
710 
500 
80 
580 
195 
10 
205 
170 
10 
180 
7,220 
13,600 
133,180 
154,000 
760 
520 
1,220 
2,500 
69,225 
29,690 
190,090 
288,905 
Vol. XXII. No. 1545. 
Total.£4,266,373 £9,923,213 £14,189,586 
The Commerce of Scotland, both in regard to home and 
foreign trade, is pretty extensive. The Scotch do not enjoy 
a great proportion of the carrying trade : it is not, however, 
accurately known what their proportion amounts to. In the 
coasting trade, the average number of vessels entered in¬ 
wards during ten years, is about 13,000 annually; and sup¬ 
posing one entry to have taken place every six weeks, or 
eight entries in the year, the number of vessels employed 
in the coasting trade of Scotland will be about 1635, car¬ 
rying upwards of 81,000 tons, and navigated by nearly 6000 
men. In the year ending 5th Jan. 1823, the number of 
vessels was 1823, carrying 92,156 tons, and navigated by 
6403 seamen. If 2000 men be engaged in the different 
canals, ferries and rivers, the whole number of men em¬ 
ployed in this particular branch of maritime occupation will 
be about 8500. 
Scotland formerly enjoyed but a small share of foreign 
trade. The exports were chiefly wool, skins, hides and 
other raw materials, which were exchanged for corn, wine 
and spiceries. Both the extent of exports and imports must 
have been very limited in those times*- at least in Scotch 
vessels; for the whole shipping, in the thirteenth century, 
did not exceed twenty sloops, exclusive of the galleys and 
barks belonging to the Hebrides. In the time of Cromwell, 
the shipping of Scotland consisted of only 93 vessels, car¬ 
rying 2724 tons, and 18 barks. Soon after, however, her 
foreign trade with the northern and eastern states of Europe 
began to increase, and the Dutch cultivated a friendly con¬ 
nexion with the Scotch, chiefly for the convenience of pro¬ 
secuting the herring fishery on the coast of Scotland, in 
which they were deeply and profitably engaged. 
About the middle of the last century, an extensive com¬ 
mercial intercourse was carried on from the ports on the 
eastern coast of Scotland to Holland, Norway, Sweden and 
the different slates on the shores of the Baltic. This trade 
has greatly increased of late years. The imports consist of 
flax, hemp, yarn, linen, iron, corn, wood, tallow and 
other commodities produced in these countries; and in re¬ 
turn, colonial produce, cotton goods and other manufac¬ 
tured aitides are exported. The trade between Scotland 
and Russia, including that of Archangel, forms the most 
considerable branch of the commerce of the eastern coast; 
and the chief shipping ports are Leith, Dundee, Arbroath, 
Montrose, Aberdeen, Peterhead, Banff and Inverness. The 
trade with Spain, Portugal and the Mediterranean, as well 
as that of the West Indies, is confined principally to Leith; 
and the connexion with Canada extends to all the most con¬ 
siderable towns on the east coast of Scotland. 
The commerce of the west coast centres almost entirely in 
the Clyde, which is the grand emporium of the American 
and West Indian trade. From the middle of the last cen¬ 
tury to the year 1772, the merchants of Glasgow imported 
immense quantities of tobacco from Virginia and the conti¬ 
guous provinces, which was afterwards exported, both in its 
natural and in its manufactured state, to every part of Eu¬ 
rope, particularly to Holland, where it was carried to the 
inland markets of the continent. The Americans, in return, 
were furnished with all those useful and substantial articles 
which suit an infant state. Since the commencement of the 
cotton manufacture, the commerce of the Clyde has rapidly 
increased; and a correct idea of its extent may be formed, 
when it is stated, that in the year 1810, there'arrived at 
Greenock, Port-Glasgow, and the city of Glasgow, 3308 
vessels, carrying 226,837 tons, of which 871 vessels, 107,845 
tons, were from Ireland and foreign ports. 
10II The 
