414 
R O X B 
benefactor to the English stage, having left five plays of his 
own composing, and lent his assistance to several authors in 
the composition of many others. The titles of all these are 
given in the Biographia Dramatica. 
ROWLEY. See Chatterton. 
ROWLEY, a stone. See Mineralogy, p. 457. 
ROWLEY, a village of England, East Riding of York¬ 
shire ; 4 miles east-north-east of Suth Cave. 
ROWLEY, a township of the United States, in Essex 
county, Massachusetts; 28 miles north-east of Boston. The 
principal employment is agriculture; but leather and shoes 
Eire manufactured to some extent. Population 1682. 
ROWLEY, King’s, a township of England, in Stafford¬ 
shire ; 2 miles south-east of Dudley. Population 4974. 
ROWLOCKS, s. The spaces of the sides of a boat for 
admitting and affording fulcra to the oars. 
ROWNER, a parish of England, in Southamptonshire, 
between Titchfield and Gosport. 
ROWNING (John), a divine of the church of England, 
and an able mathematician and philosopher in the 18th 
century, was born about the year 1699. He received his 
academical education at Magdalen-college, in the University 
of Cambridge, where he took his degrees in arts, and -was 
elected into a fellowship. He died in his lodgings, when on 
a visit to London, in 1771, about the age of 22. He was the 
author of “ A Compendious System of Natural Philosophy,” 
1738, in 2 vols. 8vo. which is a very ingenious work, and has 
gone through several editions ; “ A preliminary Discourse 
on the Fluxionary Method,” 1756, 8vo.; “ A Description 
of a Barometer wherein the Scale of Variation may be in¬ 
creased at Pleasure,” inserted in the “ Phil. Transactions” 
for 1733; and “ Directions for making a Machine for find- 
the Roots of Equations universally, with the Manner of 
using it,” inserted in the same work for the year 1770. 
Hutton's Math. Diet. 
ROWSLEY, a hamlet of England, in Derbyshire, near 
Fareham. 
ROWTORE, a village of England, in Cornwall, south¬ 
west of Camelford. 
ROXAS, a fort of the province and government of Buenos 
Ayres, situate near the river Arecife, about 120 miles west of 
Buenos Ayres. 
ROXBOROUGH, a township of the United States, in 
Philadelphia county, Pennsylvania, on the Schuykill. Popu¬ 
lation 1252. 
ROXBOROUGH, a township of the United States, and 
capital of Person county, North Carolina. 
ROXBURGH, sometimes called Tkviotdale, a county 
of Scotland, of a very irregular form, is bounded on the east 
and south-east by Northumberland, on the south by Nor¬ 
thumberland and Cumberland, on the south-west and west 
by the counties of Dumfries and Selkirk, and on the north 
and north-west by Berwickshire, and a small portion of Mid- 
Lothian ; lying between 55. 6. and 55. 43. N. lat., and be¬ 
tween 2. 12. and 3. 7. W. long, from Greenwich; being 
from 18 to 35 miles from north to south, and from 15 to 25 
and 35 from west to east; containing about 700 square miles, 
and 448,000 English acres, divided into 31 parishes. It 
comprehends the ancient districts of Teviotdale and Liddis- 
dale, so named from the rivers Teviotand Liddal, which run 
through them. The surface of this county is finely diversi¬ 
fied, and exhibits many scenes that are beautiful and roman¬ 
tic. The south and west divisions of the county are moun¬ 
tainous ; but the east and north are upon the whole flat and 
fertile. The ridge of hills by which the county is traversed 
is of considerable elevation. The following are the most 
remarkable hills in the arable district:—Minto, with two flat 
tops, on the north of Teviot, 858 feet; and Eildon, imme¬ 
diately south of Tweed, near Melrose, whose three conical 
tops, though only 1330 feet, are seen at a great distance. 
In the pasture district there are many hills of considerable 
height. The Dunian, 1021 feet, and Ruberslaw, 1419 feet, 
are, like Eildon, conspicuous from their situation and shape, 
though much lower than Wisp and Tidhope, each of which 
is 1830 feet; Millenwood-fell andWindhead, each of which 
U R G H. 
is computed, from an observation taken by the Theodolite, to 
be 2000 feet; andHownamlaw, Windburgh, Maidenpaps,and 
Greatmoor, whose measurements are not known. On the 
confines of Northumberland, Carter-fell is 1602 feet, and 
Chillhill must be rather upwards of 2000 feet, as it stands 
near the highest top of Cheviot, which is 2682 feet. The 
only agricultural division of which this county admits, is 
into arable and pasture lands. A line, drawn from the point 
where the boundary with England crosses Bowmont-water, 
west-south-west by Jedburgh and the north of Dunian and 
Ruberslaw to Hawick, and turning north from thence along 
the turnpike road to Selkirk, will nearly separate the former 
of these on the north, from the latter on the south, with the 
exception of the small track north of Tweed, between Leader 
and Gala waters, the largest half of which is allotted to sheep. 
The hills in this county have mostly sloping sides, and are 
covered with a green sward to the very top. The prospects 
from their summits are extensive, variegated, and delightful. 
The numerous vales, whether of narrow or wide extent, are 
all watered by limpid streams; many of them are naked, 
and many fringed with wood. Some afford excellent pas¬ 
ture; others are in high cultivation. They are in general 
inclosed by gentle declivities, though several are hemmed 
in by steep banks, overrun with brushwood, or adorned with 
lofty trees, which form a scenery rather agreeable than mag¬ 
nificent. In a county so large, and on the whole so elevated, 
the proportion of heath and moss is very inconsiderable, but 
cannot be calculated with any degree of exactness, as they 
are scattered everywhere, in portions of unequal size. In 
Liddisdale, where improvement has hitherto made slow pro¬ 
gress, patches of moss are seen by the edges, and even in the 
middle of fertile vales. There are indications of this having 
been once the case in other parts of the county, on which 
industry has now wrought a happy change. In the pasture 
district the soil is dry, wet, or heathy. To the eastward of Jed 
water, the hills are mostly composed of red granite, and cover¬ 
ed with a thick sward of rich and sw’eet grass; there is very 
little heath ; the marshes are not numerous or extensive, and 
many of them are intersected by a multitude of drains. The 
dry soil west of Jed water, including Liddisdale, is either on 
limestone or gravel; there are many mosses, a great deal of 
fenny land,and a deficiency of drains. ■ A large track of stub¬ 
born clay, lying on a cold impenetrable underground, stretches 
from the south-west skirt of Ruberslaw to the confines of 
Liddisdale. That detached corner, whose value only begins 
to be known, is almost wholly pastoral, and though unques¬ 
tionably the wettest part of the county, has no small propor¬ 
tion of dry land, and many spungy fields, producing coarse 
grass, which are susceptible of great improvement by drain¬ 
ing ; yet much of its best soil is thickly interspersed with spots 
or stripes of moss, which cannot easily be removed, or turned 
to any solid advantage. There is not much heath and moor, 
in proportion to the extent of pasture lands; but in these, 
and indeed through the district at large, the dry and sound 
soil greatly predominates. In the arable district the soil is 
partly light, and partly heavy. The light consists of rich 
loam, or mixtures of loam and sand, of loam and gravel, of 
sand or gravel and clay, in every various proportion. The 
loam, gravel, sand, and clay, also are of very different qua¬ 
lities or degrees of excellence. The heavy soil is chiefly 
clay, of different depths and degrees of stiffness or mixture, 
where clay prevails, placed on clay or other matter reten¬ 
tive of water. In a very few spots, this surface lies on a dry 
bottom; and not unfrequently different and opposite soils 
are strangely blended in the same field. Thelightsoil, how¬ 
ever, is in general found on low and level lands, near the 
beds of rivers and their branches; and also on several emi¬ 
nences of considerable extent. The heavy soil merely ap¬ 
pears on the valleys, and chiefly occupies the higher grounds. 
It comprehends about 10,000 acres, of which at least one 
half is shallow, cold, and unkindly, difficult to labour, and 
uncertain in its produce; on which account, upwards of 
1000 acres have properly been planted with trees. In the 
other half, there is much rich and fertile land, which bears 
luxuriant crops, both of corn and grass, and not a little of a 
middles 
