416 R 0 X 
the borders. The legislative union with England in the 
reign of queen Ann, tended also to deprive this county of 
several advantages, and, for a time at least, to diminish its 
population. Before the union, the taxes and commercial 
regulations of the two kingdoms were different, and the in¬ 
habitants of the borders enjoyed the opportunity of carrying 
on a very advantageous contraband trade, without danger to 
their persons or fortunes. Into England they imported salt, 
skins and malt, which, till the union, paid no duties in 
Scotland 5 and from England they carried back wool, which 
was exported from the frith of Forth to France, with great 
profit. The vestiges of 40 malt barns and kilns were for¬ 
merly to be seen in the town of Jedburgh alone, while at 
present there are only two employed. The proprietors of 
estates upon the borders were well aware of the detriment 
which their property would suffer from the union, and stre¬ 
nuously opposed it; and the commissioners for carrying on 
that treaty were so sensible of the loss they would sustain, 
that they agreed to appropriate part, of the equivalent money, 
as it was called, to their indemnification. Of late the border 
country of Scotland is becoming richer and better cultivated; 
and, by the attention of the inhabitants to their natural riches, 
viz. their sheep and woollen manufacture, the population is 
greatly on the increase. Roxburghshire, like other pastoral 
countries, is ornamented with many seats of the nobility and 
gentry. The chief manufacture in this county is that of wool; 
and the principal seat of it Hawick. There are also manu¬ 
factures of woollen at Jedburgh. At Kelso there are manu¬ 
factures of thread, leather, candles, and other articles. From 
Berwick the rude produce of this shire is exported; and the 
products of foreign countries imported are apparel, groceries, 
wine, iron, wood, &c. 
In many parts there are sepulchral tumuli, or cairns, in 
which stone coffins and urns, containing human bones and 
ashes, have been found. There are also Druidical circles, or 
places of worship. In Liddisdale, on high ground, near 
Tennis hill, is an oblong square, 86 yards in length, con¬ 
sisting of large freestone brought from a distance; and at the 
north end of it is a cromlech, composed of several large stones 
on edge, covered by a stone in a sloping position 5 and at 
the south end of this cairn is an upright stone, 5 feet above 
the surface of the moss, and 13 feet in circuit. In this shire 
are remains of many British hill forts, some of which the 
Romans converted into commanding posts, near the military 
road. But the most stupendous British work in this county 
is the Catrail or Picts-work ditch, constructed perhaps as a 
line of defence against the invading Saxons on the east, 
during the 5th century. After traversing Selkirkshire, it 
enters the shire of Roxburgh, where it crosses Borthwick 
water near Broadlee; thence it proceeds to Slatchill moss, to 
Dogcleugh hill, to Dod, to Carriage hill, to Longside bum, 
to Leapsteel, and thence to Liddisdale. From its remains it 
appears to have been a vast fosse, at least 26 feet broad, with 
a rampart on either side, 8 or 10 feet high, formed of the 
materials thrown from the ditch. Its whole course from the 
vicinity of Galasheils in Selkirkshire, to Peelfell on the bor¬ 
ders of Northumberland, is upwards of 45 miles, of which 18 
are within Roxburghshire. In many parts it is visible. The 
Roman highway, also commonly called the rugged cause¬ 
way, can be traced all the way from Hounam to the Tweed. 
There are ruins of several castles and forts, few of which are 
of ancient erection. The castle of Jedburgh, and that of 
Roxburgh, are most distinguished in history. Hermitage 
castle was built during the reign of Alexander II. There are 
many towers and strongholds of later erection. In this shire, 
religious and charitable foundations abounded; but of the 
latter few traces remain. The principal towns are Jedburgh, 
the county town, Kelso, the most populous, Melrose, and 
Hawick. The population of the county, according to the 
government census of 1821, is as follows: Males 19,408, 
females 21,484, total 40,892. Increase since the census of 
1811 is 3662. 
ROXBURGH, a parish of Scotland, in Roxburghshire, 
about 8 miles long, and 4 broad, comprehending an area of 
7000 acres. Population 946. 
R O X 
ROXBURGH, an old city of Scotland, and once the 
fourth in rank among the boroughs of Scotland. It is now 
altogether decayed, and the few vestiges of streets and houses 
which were apparent in the last century, the plough has now 
obliterated. It stood on a peninsula formed by the junction 
of the Teviot and the Tweed, about a mile south-west of 
Kelso. On the south angle of the land, formed by a 
curvature of the Teviot, stood the magnificent friary of the 
Cistertian monks, founded by King David I. Near it stood 
the town, and at the isthmus of the peninsula stood the 
Castle of Roxburgh, which was fortified by David I. It was 
taken by Edward in 1296; and recovered by the Scots, 
A.D. 1313, who demolished its outworks. In 1334 it was 
ceded to Edward by Baliol; taken by Alexander Ramsay in 
1342, and retaken by the English after the battle of Hejfliam. 
Here Baliol surrendered his crown to Edward in 1355 and 
1356. It was in the hands ofthe English, A. D. 1547, when 
it was repaired and garrisoned by Somerset the protector, in 
the reign of Edward VI. By the treaty of 1550, the king of 
England bound himself to raze to the ground the town 
and castle. About two miles west from the castle stands the 
present village of Roxburgh, pleasantly situated on the banks 
of the Teviot, on a declivity, with a fine south exposure. It 
is divided by a small rivulet into the Upper and Nether 
towns, which had formerly been of considerable extent, 
though they now contain only about 200 inhabitants. 
ROXBURGHIA [named in honour of William Roxburgh, 
author of a splendid work on the plants of the coast of Coro¬ 
mandel], in Botany, a genus of the class octandria, order mouo- 
gynia.—Generic Character. Calyx: inferior, four-leaved; leaf¬ 
lets lanceolate, membranaceous, striated, coloured, revolute, im¬ 
mediately below the petals. Corolla: petals four, nearly 
erect, lanceolate, the lower half rather broader than the upper, 
along the inside runs a deep, sharp, slightly waved keel, 
forming on each side a deep groove or hollow; the four keels 
converge, and in some measure adhere together, thus bringing 
the side of the petals close, and form ing a tube; the upper part of 
the petals is narrow, bending out a little, and then their points 
bend in: nectary composed of four lanceolate, yellow bodies, 
each sessile on the apex of the keel of the petals, converging 
into one conical body. Stamina : filaments none; anthers 
eight, linear, lodged in the grooves formed by the keel of the 
petals, adhering their whole length, but their chief insertion 
near the base. Pistil: germ superior, heart-shaped; style 
none; stigma pointed. Pericarp: capsule ovate, compressed, 
one-celled, two-valved, opening from the apex, about an 
inch and half long, and an inch broad. Seeds from five to 
eight, inserted by pedicels into the bottom of the capsule, 
cylindrical, striated; the pedicels surrounded with numerous 
small pellucid vesicles. — Essential Character. Calyx 
four-leaved. Corolla four-petalled, inwardly keeled; nec¬ 
tary four awl-shaped leaflets, on the apex of the keel of the 
petals, converging; anthers linear, sessile, in the grooves of 
the keel. Capsule one-celled, two-valved. Seeds many, 
inserted in a spongy receptacle. 
Roxburghia gloriosoides. — Root perennial, composed 
of many smooth, cylindric, fleshy tubes, from six to twelve 
inches long, and from three to five in circumference, about 
the middle; they taper equally towards each end. Stem 
biennial or more, twining, smooth, from six to twenty 
feet long, running over small trees, &c. Branches like the 
stem, but few and more slender. Leaves alternate or oppo¬ 
site, nearly depending, heart-shaped, fine-pointed, the point 
recurvate; entire, smooth, shining, in substance soft and 
delicate, generally eleven-nerved, with beautiful very fine 
transverse veins, running between the nerves, from four to 
six inches long, and three or four broad. Petiole slightly 
channelled, smooth, an inch and half or two inches broad. 
Peduncle axillary, single, erect, the same length with the 
petiole, generally two-flowered. Pedicels club-shaped, 
short. Bracte one, lanceolate, at the base of the pedicels.— 
Native of Coromandel, in moist valleys, among the moun¬ 
tains ; flowering in the cold season. It is the Campoo-Tiga 
of the Telingas. 
Willdenow remarks, that this is a singular plant between 
the 
