R U D 
R U D 
428 
omnium,” &c., ib., 1636, 4to, This work, which excited 
great attention, had nearly proved the author’s ruin; and 
soon after its appearance was prohibited by a decree of the 
senate. On this occasion, Skytte, one of the members, said, 
that “ no book of a more dangerous tendency had appeared 
in Sweden for many years and therefore he insisted that 
the publisher should be obliged to declare upon oath that 
he had retained no copies, after it was forbidden to be sold. 
It is said that it stopped Rudbeck’s promotion, and pre¬ 
vented him from being made an archbishop. Gezelii Bio- 
graphiska Lexicon. 
RUDBECK (Olof), M.D, and professor at Upsal, was a 
son of the preceding, and was born in 1630. Young Rud- 
beck being destined for the medical profession, studied some 
time at Upsal, and made so much progress in the different 
branches of knowledge to which he applied, that, in 1652, 
he disputed there “ DeCirculatione Sanguinis.” He directed 
his attention, in particular, to anatomy, and discovered, as is 
said, the lymphatic vessels, which he made known in 1653. 
This discovery was disputed with him by Thomas Bartholin, 
a Danish physician ; but Redbeck’s partizans assert that a 
young German, who studied under the Swedish professor, 
and who afterwards went to Denmark, communicated it to 
Bartholin, who then claimed it as his own. A writer, 
named Martin Bogdan, espoused the part of Bartholin, and 
Rudbeck wrote an answer, in which he was supported by 
several eminent anatomists. 
Of the subject of this controversy, Haller gives the fol¬ 
lowing account. Whilst Rudbeck was diligently employing 
himself in the dissection of animals, in 1649 and 1650, and 
especially in the search of the lacteals, he fell upon the lym¬ 
phatics of the liver which he called vasa hepatis aquosa. 
He again discovered lymphatics in the thorax, loins, and 
elsewhere, in 1651. In 1653 he published “ Nova Exerci- 
tatio Anatomica exhibens Ductus hepatis aquosos, et Vasa 
Glandulariun serosa in which work he laid open his dis¬ 
coveries, and described the mode of demonstrating them. 
Upon the whole, from a comparison of dates, Haller thinks 
that he appears to have been the true discoverer of these 
vessels. Bibl. Anatom. 
In 1653, Rudbeck travellled to Holland, but returned next 
year to Upsal, where he devoted his time to the instruction 
of pupils ; and in 1658 he was appointed professor of medi¬ 
cine. Before this period he had established, at his own ex¬ 
pense, a botanical garden, into which he introduced a great 
many rare plants, brought from distant places; a circum¬ 
stance which excited no little astonishment, as it had been 
believed that such plants could not thrive in so northern a 
latitude. In 1662 he made a donation of this garden to the 
Academy, and continued to improve it during the remainder 
of his life. This taste for botanic pursuits he communicated 
to his son, and he laboured conjointly with him on a large 
botanical work, called “ Campi Elysii,” the greater part of 
which was destroyed by the fire that took place at Upsal 
in 1702. Having spent several years in the instruc¬ 
tion of youth, and other useful occupations, Rudbeck 
resigned the professor’s chair to his son, and died in 1702. 
He was a man of great talents; and besides medicine, pos¬ 
sessed an extensive knowledge of history and antiquities; he 
was also an able linguist, and had made considerable pro¬ 
gress in architecture, drawing and music. At the coronation 
of Charles XI. the arrangement of the decorations, paintings, 
music, and fire-works was entrusted entirely to his direction. 
By his superiors he was honoured and esteemed on account 
of his learning and ingenuity, as well as of his mild dis¬ 
position and other valuable qualities. Rudbeck is best 
known in foreign countries by his “ Atlantica,” a laborious 
work, in four volumes folio, in which he asserts, that Swe¬ 
den was the seat of Paradise, as well as the Atlantis of Plato, 
and endeavours to trace back to it the origin, religion, lan¬ 
guage, customs, &c., of most of the ancient nations. It dis¬ 
plays great learning, and though it contains many singular 
opinions, affords a striking proof of the author’s reading and 
industry. It was much praised on its appearance, as may 
be seen in a book printed at Franckfort, in 1692, in folio, 
with the following title: “ Judicia et Testimonia illustrium 
atque clarissimorum Virorum de celeberrimi Sveonis Olavi 
Rudbeckii, Senioris, M.D. Ups. Atlantica.” Rudbeck’s 
other works, besides disputations, are “ Epistola ad Thomam 
Bartholinum, qua sibi Inventionem Vasorum serosorum 
hepatis contra Bogdanum vindicat,” Ups., 1657, 4to.; 
“ Catalogus Plantarum in Horto Academiee Upsali- 
ensis instructo,” ib., 1658, 8vo., Gezelii Biographislca 
Lexicon. 
RUDBECK (Olof), son of the above, was born at Upsal 
in 1660; disputed there in 1686, and about 1690 took the 
degree of M. D. at Utrecht. On his return, having brought 
with him a great many plants and seeds, he established, with 
the assistance of his father, the botanical garden, and in 
1691 was appointed professor of botany and anatomy. He 
possessed a considerable talent for poetry, and was well 
versed in languages, particularly the Oriental. In 1720, in 
conjunction with the librarian, Eric Benzelius, who was 
afterwards Archbishop, he founded the Academy of Sci¬ 
ences at Upsal, and died in 1740. His works are, 
“ Campi Elysii,” Ups., 1701, folio; “ Lapponiaillustrate,” 
ib., 1701, 4to.; “ Lapo Hebraizans, sive de Convenientia 
Linguae Hebraeae cum Lapponica.” ib., 1703, 4to. He had 
laboured also on an extensive work entitled “ Thesaurus Lin- 
guaru.m Asiae, Africa:, et Europae harmonicus,” still preserved 
in manuscript at Upsal. Gezelii Biographislca Lexicon. 
RUDBECKIA [so named by Linnaeus, from the Rudbecks, 
father and son, professors of Botany at Upsal], in Botany, 
a genus of the class syngenesia, order polygamia frustranea, 
natural order of compositae oppositifoliae, corymbiferae 
fJuss.J Generic Character. Calyx: common with a double 
row of scales: scales flat, widish, curtailed, six in each row. 
Corolla : compound radiate : corollets hermaphrodite, nume¬ 
rous, in a conical disk; females about twelve, very long, in 
the ray. Proper of the hermaphrodite tubular-funnel-form, 
with a five-toothed border. Female ligulate, lanceolate, with 
two or three teeth, flat, pendulous. Stamina: in the herma¬ 
phrodites : filaments five, capillary, very short; anther 
cylindrical, tubular. Pistil: in the hermaphrodites, germ 
four-cornered style filiform, the length of the coroHet: stigma 
two-parted, revolute. In the females: germ very small; 
style none : stigma none. Pericarp none: calyx unchanged. 
Seeds in the hermaphrodites solitary, oblong; crowned with 
a membranaceous four-toothed rim: in the females none. 
Receptacle chaffy, conical longer than the common calyx : 
chaffs the length of the seeds, erect, channelled-concave, 
deciduous.— Essential Character. Calyx with a double 
row of scales: crown of the seed a four-toothed rim; recep¬ 
tacle chaffy, conical. 
1. Rudbeckia laciniata, or broad jagged-leaved Rudbeckia. 
—Leaves compound laciniate. Mr. Miller makes two species 
of this; laciniata, and quinata, which he thus describes. Root 
perennial, stalk annual. The lower leaves are composed of 
five broad lobes, deeply cut into acute points, and some of 
them jagged almost to the midrib; the outer lobe is fre¬ 
quently cut into three deep segments, stalks seven or eight 
feet .high, divided at top into several branches; smooth, 
green. Peduncles naked, terminated by a single flower with 
yellow rays, like the sun-flower, but smaller. 
2. Rudbeckia digitafa, or narrow jagged-leaved Rudbeckia. 
—This has a perennial root like the former. The leaves at 
bottom are composed of seven or nine lobes, some entire, 
others jagged to the midrib ; dark green and smooth, stalks 
six feet high, branches many, of a purple or iron colour. 
The flowers are smaller than those of the preceding, but of 
the same shape and colour.—Native of North America. 
3. Rudbeckia triloba, or three-lobed Rudbeckia.—-Leaves 
spatulate; the lower three-lobed, the upper undivided.—This 
is a biennial plant. The stalks branch out on their sides, and 
are better furnished with leaves than the others. The flowers 
are very like those of the first sort, but smaller.—It grows 
in North America. 
4. Rudbeckia hirta, or hairy Rudbeckia.—Leaves undivided 
spatulate-ovate triple-nerved serrate rough-haired, receptacle 
conical, chaffs lanceolate.—The root of this will continue 
four or five years. The stalks rise a foot and half high, and 
have one or two leaves near the bottom. The peduncle is 
naked 
