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naked near a Foot, in length, and is terminated by one pretty 
large yellow flower, shaped like the sun-flower. The florets 
of the ray are very stiff, and slightly indented at their 
points: the disk is very prominent, and of a dark purple 
colour. The flowers will continue six weeks, and there is a 
succession of them from the middle of July, till the frost puts 
a stop to them.—Native of Virginia. 
5. Rudbeckia fulgida, or bright Rudbeckia.—Leaves 
oblong.lanceolate, toothletted, hispid, narrowed and subcor- 
date at the base, receptacle hemispherical, chaffs lanceolate.— 
Native of North America. It flowers in July and August. 
6. Rudbeckia purpurea, or purple Rudbeckia.—Leaves 
lanceolate-ovate, alternate, undivided, petals of the ray bifid. 
—This is a perennial plant like the fourth. The peduncles 
are taller, and have two or three narrow leaves on each, 
placed alternately. On the top is one flower, with long 
narrow, reflexed, peach-coloured florets in the ray: the disk 
is very prominent, and of a dark purple colour. 
7. Rudbeckia angustifolia, or narrow simple-leaved 
Rudbeckia.—Leaves opposite linear quite entire. Root 
perennial. Stalks four or five feet high. Florets in the ray 
of the flower yellow, long, twelve in number: disk dark red. 
Scales of the calyx spreading and almost awl-shaped.—Native 
of Virginia. 
Propagation and Culture. —All these except No. 3. 
which is raised from seeds, are easily propagated by parting 
the roots. They are hardy, and love a moist soil. 
4. In warm summers this perfects its seeds in England. 
The fifth and sixth sorts rarely produce seeds in England; 
nor do the plants put out heads, whereby they may be in¬ 
creased that way. 
RU'DDER, s. [roeder , Teut. Our old word was both 
roder and rother. “ The ship of love hath lost his rother," 
Gower.] The instrument at the stern of a vessel, by which 
its course is governed.—Those, that attribute unto the faculty 
any first or sole power, hath therein no other understanding, 
than such a one hath, who, looking into the stern of a ship, 
and finding it guided by the helm and rudder, doth ascribe 
some absolute virtue to the piece of wood, without all con¬ 
sideration of the hand that guides it. Ralegh. 
Thou held’st the rudder with a steady hand 
Till safely on the shore the bark did land. Dryden. 
Any thing that guides or governs the course.—For rhyme 
the rudder is of verses. Hudibras. —See Sailing. 
RUDDIMAN (Thomas), an eminent grammarian and 
critic, was born in 1674, in the parish of Boyndie, Banff¬ 
shire. After a school education in his native place, he was 
sent, in 1690, to King’s College, Aberdeen, in which he ob¬ 
tained a bursary. He took the degree of M. A. in 1694, and 
in the following year was elected master of the public school 
of Laurence-kirk. Here his merit accidentally became 
known to the celebrated Dr. Pitcairn, who drew him to 
Edinburgh, in 1700; and two years afterwards he was ap. 
pointed librarian to the faculty of advocates. In 1709, he 
published Johnston’s Latin metrical paraphrase of Solo¬ 
mon’s Song; and to the folio edition of Gawin Douglas’s 
translation of the iEneid, he added, in 1711, a very accurate 
glossary. His situation at the advocate’s library was so 
favourable to his pursuits, that he declined an invitation 
from the magistrates of Dundee to the office of rector of the 
grammar school in that town; and in 1714, he published 
his very useful compendium entitled “ The Rudiments of the 
Latin Tongue,” which became a standard work in the 
schools of Scotland. In 1715 he edited “ Buchanani Opera 
omnia,” 2 vols, folio, with notes critical and explanatory. 
In that year he commenced the business of a printer in con- 
junction with his brother Walter. Of his “ Grammaticse 
Latinae Institutiones,” the first part appeared in 1720, and 
the second in 1721; his “ Grammatical Exercises” were 
published in 1725, and he continued in subsequent editions 
to correct and improve his works on Latin grammar. Of 
the works issuingfrom his press, the most important were the 
“ Greek Testament,” and a “ Livy,” which last is reckoned 
an extremely correct edition. He also edited Anderson’s 
Vol. XXII, No, 1513, 
R U D 429 
“ Diplomata et Numismata Scotise,” to which he prefixed a 
very learned preface. He shewed his abilities in classical 
criticism by a “ Vindication of Buchanan’s Version of the 
Psalms” against the objections of Mr. Mann; and by “ Cri¬ 
tical Observations on Burman’s Commentary on Lucan’s 
Pharsalia.” Several treatises on disputed points of Scottish 
history involved him in controversies, in which he met with 
much abuse, but kept his own temper, though he was a 
warm advocate for the national independence, and much 
attached to the house of Stuart. He was the conductor of a 
newspaper called “ The Caledonian Mercury,” the property 
of which remained in his family after his death. At an ad¬ 
vanced age his eye-sight began to fail, and he resigned the 
office of librarian to the faculty of advocates in 1752. 
Though much afflicted by bodily complaints, he preserved 
his powers of mind to his 83d year, when he died in January, 
1757.— Chatmer's Life of Ruddiman. 
RU'DDINESS, s. The quality of approaching to red¬ 
ness. 
The ruddiness upon her lip is wet; 
You’ll mar it, if you kiss it. Shakspeare. 
RUDDINGTON, a parish of England, county of Notting¬ 
ham ; 4 j miles south of Nottingham. Population 1017. 
RU'DDLE, s. [l'udul, Icelandic.] Redearth.— Ruddle 
owes its colour to an admixture of iron; and as that is in 
greater or less proportion, it is of a greater or less specifick 
gravity, consistence, or hardness. Woodward. 
RU'DDLEMAN, s. One who is employed in digging 
ruddle or red earth.—Besmeared like a rudd/eman, a gypsy, 
or a chimney-sweeper. Burton. 
RU'DDOCK, s. [pubbuc, Sax. from pube or poeb, red.] 
A red-breast. 
The merry larke her mattins sings aloft; 
The ouzle shrills; the ruddock warbles soft. Spenser. 
RU'DDY, adj. [pubu, Sax.] Approaching to redness; 
pale red. 
We may see the old man in a morning. 
Lusty as health, come ruddy to the field. 
And there pursue the chase, as if he meant 
To o’ertake time, and bring back youth again. Otway. 
RUDE, adj. [rude, old Fr. rudis, Lat, peSe, peo<5e. 
Sax. rude, rough.] Untaught; barbarous; savage.^-Nor is 
there any nation in the world, now accounted civil, but 
within the memory of books, were utterly rude and bar¬ 
barous. Wilkins. —Rough; coarse of manners; uncivil; 
brutal. 
Ruffian, let go that rude uncivil touch; 
Thou friend of an ill fashion. Shakspeare. 
Violent; tumultuous; boisterous; turbulent.—Clouds 
push’d with winds rude in their shock. Milton. —Harsh, 
inclement. 
Spring does to flow’ry meadows bring. 
What the rude winter from them tore. Waller.' 
Ignorant; raw ; untaught.—Though I be rude in speech, 
yet not in knowledge. 2 Cor. —He was yet but rude in the 
profession of arms, though greedy of honour. Wotton.—- 
Rugged ; uneven ; shapeless; unformed. 
In their so rude abode, 
Not the poore swineherd would forget the gods. Chapman. 
It was the custom to worship rude and unpolished stones. 
Stillingfieet. —Artless ; inelegant.—One example may serve, 
till you review the .Eneis in the original, uaembelished by 
my rude translation. Dryden. 
To his country farm the fool confined; 
Rude work well suited with a rustick mind. Dryden. 
RUDELSTADT, a small town of Prussian Silesia, in the 
government of Reichenbach, on the Bober. It has 1200 
inhabitants, and in its vicinity are productive copper and sil¬ 
ver works; 20 miles west of Schweidnitz. 
5 R 
RUDELY, 
