478, R U S 
the Russian troops entirely routed a company of 4000 Aruta- 
yans and Alcasimans; 800 of the enemy were slain, and five 
villages destroyed. 15th, the surrender of the Turkish 
fortress of Dubitsha took place. 18th, the Turks made a 
violent sortie from Otchakof, but were repulsed by the Rus¬ 
sian yagers: and, after a battle of four hours, were driven back 
with the loss of 500 men. 23d, a fierce battle was fought 
between the Russian troops and Sacubanians, in which the 
latter lost 1000 men. The Russian fleet kept the Swedish 
blocked up in Sveaborg, ever since the battle of July 6th. 
The Swedish army left the Russian territory in Finland. 
September 18th, the town and fortress of Chotzim surren¬ 
dered to the Russians, with the garrison of 2000 men, 153 
cannon, 14 mortars, and much ammunition. 19th—29th, 
a small Russian squadron from the fleet at Sevastophol, 
cruising along the coast of Anatolia, destroyed many of the 
enemy’s vessels, prevented the transporting of the Turkish 
troops, and returned with great booty. 20th, Ussenier Sha- 
manachin, chief of the Bsheduchovians, was, on his petition, 
admitted a subject of Russia. 26th, a numerous host of 
Kubanians and Turks were beaten on the river Ubin, with 
the loss of 1500 men. November 7th, Prince Potemkin, at 
the head of his Kozaks, took the island Beresan, with many 
prisoners and much ammunition. December 6th, the town 
and fortress of Otchakof were taken by Prince Potemkin 
Tavritsheskoi; 9510 of the enemy were killed, 4000 taken 
prisoners, 180 standards, 310 cannons and mortars. The 
whole of the inhabitants were taken prisoners, amounting to 
25,000; the Russians lost 956 killed and 1824 wounded. 
December 19th, General Kamenskoy gained considerable 
advantages over the Turks near Gangur. 
1789. April 16th, Colonel Rimskoy Korsakoff was sur¬ 
rounded by the Turks, who were beaten, with great slaughter, 
by Lieutenant-General Von Derfelden. 17th—28th, some 
Russian cruisers from Sevastopol effected a landing on Cape 
Karakarman, burnt six mosques, and carried off great booty. 
20th, General Derfelden drove the Turks from Galatsh, 
gained a complete victory, killed 2000, took 1500 prisoners, 
with the Seraskier Ihraham Pasha, and the whole camp. 
Several skirmishes took place between the Russians and 
Swedes in Finland, always to the advantage of the former. 
May 31st, another victory was gained over the Swedes. June 
5th, Sulkof was taken from the Swedes, and fort St. Michael 
on the 8th. July 15th, Admiral Tchitchagoff engaged the 
Swedish fleet under the command of the duke of Sudermania; 
but no ship was lost on either side. 21st, a battle was 
fought at Fokshany to the great loss of the Turks, and Fok- 
shany was taken. August 13th, the Russian galley fleet 
fought the Swedish under Count Ehrenschwerdt, the former 
took a frigate and five other ships, aud 2000 prisoners. Au¬ 
gust 21st, another sea fight took place, and Prince Nassau 
Siegen made good his landing of the Russian troops in sight 
of the king of Sweden at the head of his army. September 
7th, Prince Repnin attacked the Seraskier Hassan Pasha, 
near the river Seltska, and took his whole camp. 11th, 
Count Suvaroff and Prince of Saxe Cobourg engaged neat 
the river Kymnik the grand Turkish army of nearly 100,000 
men, and gained a complete victory; from which Count 
Suvaroff received the surname Kymnikskoi. 14th, the Rus¬ 
sian troops under General Ribbas, took the Turkish citadel 
Chodshabey, in the sight of the whole enemy’s fleet. 30th, 
the fortress Palanka being taken, the town of Belgorod or 
Akermann surrendered to Prince Potemkin Tavritsheskoi. 
November 4th, the town and castle of Bender submitted at 
discretion to the same commander. 
1790. April 24, General Numsen gained a victory over the 
Swedes near Memel. May 2, a sea fight took place off 
Reval, in which the Russians took the Prince Charles of 64 
guns, from the Swedes ; and in this engagement those two 
gallant English officers, Captains Trevennin and Denison 
were killed. 23d, the fleet under Vice-admiral Cruse en¬ 
gaged the Swedish fleet near the island of Siskar,in the gulf of 
Finland, without any advantage being gained on either side, 
though they fought the whole day. 24th, an action was 
fought at Savataipala, when the Swedes were forced to fly. 
S I 
June 6, the Swedes were defeated by Major Ruxhoden, on 
the island Uransari. June 22, the whole Swedish fleet, 
commanded by the duke of Sudermania, was entirely de¬ 
feated by Admiral Tchitchagoff and the Prince of Nassau 
Siegen; on this occasion 5000 prisoners were taken, amongst 
whom were the centre admiral and 200 officers. 28th, Gene¬ 
ral Denisoff defeated the Swedes near Davidoff. July 9th, 
Admiral Ushakofl’obtained a victory over the Turkish fleet 
commanded by the capudan pasha, at the mouth of the 
straits of Yenikali. August 3d, peace was concluded with 
Sweden, without the mediation of any other power. Au¬ 
gust 28th—29th, an engagement took place on the Euxine, 
not far from Chodshabey, between the Russian Admiral 
Ushakoff and the capudan pasha, when the principal Turkish 
ship, of 80 guns, was burnt, one of 70 guns, and three taken, 
the admiral Said Bey being made prisoner, and another ship 
sunk; the rest made off. September 30, a great victory was 
obtained over the Turks by General Germann, with much 
slaughter, and the Seraskier Batal Bey, and the whole camp, 
were taken. October 18, Kilia surrendered to Major Bibbas. 
November 6, 7, the fortress Cultsha and the Turkish flotilla 
were taken. December 11, the important fortress of Ismail, 
after a storming for seven hours without intermission, sur¬ 
rendered to Count Suvaroff, with the garrison of 42,000 
men: 30,816 were slain on the spot, 2000 died of their 
wounds, 9000 were taken prisoners, with 265 pieces of can¬ 
non, an incredible store of ammunition, &c. The Russians 
lost only 1815 killed, and 2450 wounded. 
1791. March 25—31, the campaign opened by the troops 
under Prince Potemkin, not far from Brailof, when the Turks 
were defeated in several battles, in which they lost upwards 
of 4000 men. June 5, the troops under General Golenitshef 
Kutusoff, near Tultsha, drove the Turks beyond the Danube, 
and at Babada entirely routed a body of 15,000 men, of 
whom 1500 were left dead upon the field. 22, the fortress 
Anapuas was taken by storm, when the whole garrison, con¬ 
sisting of 25,000 men, were put to the sword, excepting 
1000, who were taken prisoners. 28, the troops under 
prince Repnin attacked the Turkish army, consisting of 
nearly 89,000 men, commanded by the grand vizir Yussuf 
Pasha, eight pashas, two Tartar sultans,, and two beys of 
Anatolia; and after a bloody battle of six hours, entirely 
routed them: 5000 Turks were killed in their flight. June 
28, Sudskuk Kale was taken. July 31, Admiral Ushakoff 
beat the Turkish fleet on the coasts of Rumelia. Prince 
Pepnin and Yussuf Pasha signed the preliminaries of peace 
between the Russian empire and the Ottoman Porte, by 
which the Dniester was made the boundary of the two em¬ 
pires, with the cession of the countries lying between the 
Bog and the Dniester to Russia. August 15, 16, at Pilnitz 
near Dresden, a congress was held by the emperor of Ger¬ 
many, the king of Prussia, the elector of Saxony, the count 
d’Artois, &c. &c. One of the most important events in this 
year was the death of Prince Potemkin, at Yassy, in Mol¬ 
davia, on the 15th October. 
1792. Early in this year Bulgakoff, the Russian minister 
at Warsaw, declared war against Poland; and the Polish 
patriots raised an army in which Thaddeus Kosciusko soon 
bore a conspicuous part. See Poland. 
1795. On the 18th February, a treaty of defensive alli¬ 
ance between the empress of Russia and his Britannic majesty 
was signed at St. Petersburgh. The ostensible object ot this 
treaty was to maintain the general tranquillity of Europe, 
and more especially of the north ; and by it Russia agreed to 
furnish Great Britain with 10,000 infantry and 2000 horse in 
case of invasion; while Great Britain was, under similar cir¬ 
cumstances, to send her imperial majesty a squadron con¬ 
sisting of two ships of 74 guns, six of 60, and four of 50, 
with a complement of 4560 men. On the 18th March was 
' signed the act by which ‘the duchies of Courland and Semi- 
gallia, together with the circle of Pilten, all which had lately 
belonged to the duke of Courland, but had long retained 
only the shadow of independence, submitted themselves to 
the Russian dominion. 
In this year there took place between the courts of St. 
Petersburgh 
