RUSSIA. 
481 
American astronomer, volunteered their services on this occa¬ 
sion. The vessels sailed in the latter end of 1803. 
In the beginning of 1804 the emperor established a univer¬ 
sity atKhardof, in Lithuania, for the cultivation and diffusion 
of the arts and sciences in that part of the Russian empire, 
and Mr. Fletcher Campbell, a Scotch gentleman, was em¬ 
ployed to procure masters for this new institution. Some 
time after, the emperor ordered that meteorogical observations 
should be regularly made at all the universities and public 
schools, and the results published. It appears that at the end 
of this yearthe sums allotted by the Russian government, for 
defraying the expenses of these institutions amounted to 
2,149,213 rubles, besides a gift of nearly 60,000 rubles to¬ 
wards erecting the new university. 
About this time an imperial ukase was published, granting 
to the Jews a complete emancipation from the shackles under 
which that devoted people had long groaned, and allowing 
them the privileges of educating their children in any of the 
schools and universities of the empire, or establishing schools 
at their own expense. 
For some time the genius of discord, which had again 
actuated the minds of the European sovereigns, failed to ex¬ 
tend her baleful influence over the Russian empire; but it 
was scarcely possible that the emperor should long remain an 
impartial spectator of the renewed disputes between his more 
powerful neighbours. An important change had, in the latter 
end of 1802, taken place in the ministry of the empire ; and 
Count Woronzoff, brother to the late ambassador at London, 
had been appointed great chancellor in chief of the depart¬ 
ment of foreign affairs, with Prince Adam Tzartoriski for his 
assistant. How far this change in the councils of the empire 
influenced the political measures of the court of St. Peters- 
burgh, it is not easy to determine ; but in the latter end of 
1803, Alexander appeared to view with a jealous eye the 
presumption and violence exercised by France among the 
German states, and the encroachments which she appeared 
desirous of making on the freedom of the Baltic. Alexander 
had offered his mediation between Great Britain and France, 
but without effect, and both these parties strove to bring over 
the Russian emperor to their alliance. France seems to have 
held out to the ambition of Alexander the bait of a parti¬ 
tion of the Turkish territories, the dismemberment of which 
had long been a favourite object with his predecessors. At 
length, however, the court of London prevailed, and the 
Russian ambassador, by his master’s orders, took leave of the 
First Consul of the French republic, though without demon¬ 
strating any intentions of immediate hostility. A new levy of 
100,000 men was immediately ordered to recruit the Russian 
army ; and, to prevent any jealousy on the side of Turkey, 
assurances were given to the Sublime Porte of the amicable 
intentions of Russia towards that power. 
On the 11th April, a treaty of concert was concluded 
between Great Britain and Russia, in which the two govern¬ 
ments agreed to adopt the most efficacious means for forming 
£ general league of the states of Europe, to be directed 
against the power of France, The objects of this league 
were undoubtedly of great importance to the welfare of 
Europe; and it is deeply to be regretted that the circum¬ 
stances of the times did not admit of their being carried into 
execution. From the terms of the treaty, these objects ap. 
pear to be,—First, The evacuation of the country of Ha¬ 
nover and the north of Germany, Secondly, The esta. 
blishment of the independence of the republics of Holland 
and Switzerland, Thirdly, The re-establishment of the 
king of Sardinia in Piedmont, with as large an augmentation 
of territory as circumstances would allow. Fourthly, The 
future security of the kingdom of Naples, and the complete 
evacuation of Italy, the island of Elba included, by the 
French forces. Fifthly, The establishment of an order of 
things in Europe, which might effectually guarantee the 
security and independence of the different states, and present 
a solid barrier against future usurpation. 
For the prosecution of the great objects of this treaty, it 
was proposed by the first article that an army of 500,000 
men should be levied; but in a subsequent separate article, 
Vol. XXII. No. 1516. 
the contracting parties, after observing that it was more 
desirable than easy to assemble so large a force, agreed that 
the treaty should be carried into execution as soon as it 
should be possible to oppose to France an active force of 
400,000 men. It was understood and stipulated that these 
troops should be provided by the powers of the continent 
who should become parties to the league, and subsidies 
should be granted by Great Britain in the proportion of 
1,250,000/. sterling for every 100,000 men, besides a con¬ 
siderable additional sum for the necessary expense occasioned 
in bringing them into the field. 
About this time the occupation of Genoa by the French, 
on the pretence that that republic was too feeble to support 
itself against the attacks of Great Britain, was communicated 
to the different courts of Europe, and excited in every 
quarter the highest indignation. The emperor Alexander, 
in particular, was incensed at this new outrage.. Such an 
open violation of those principles which were justly regarded 
as essential to the general safety, committed not only during 
the peace of the continent, but when passports had been 
delivered to his ambassador, in order that a negociation 
might be commenced for the purpose of providing for the 
permanent security and repose of Europe, he considered as 
an indecent insult to his person and crown. He issued 
immediate orders for the recall of M. Novosiltzoff: and the 
messenger dispatched upon this occasion was commanded 
to repair with the utmost diligence to Berlin. 
It stated that the emperor had, in compliance with the 
wishes of his Britannic majesty, sent his ambassador to 
Buonaparte, to meet the pacific overtures which he had made 
to the court of London: that the existing disagreement 
between Russia and France might have placed insurmountable 
obstacles in the way of a negociation for peace by a Russian 
minister; but that his imperial majesty of Russia did not 
for a moment hesitate to pass over all personal displeasure, 
and all the usual formalities; that he had declared he would 
receive the passports only on condition that his minister 
should enter directly upon a negociation with the chief of 
the French government, without acknowledging the new 
title which he had assumed; and that Buonaparte should give 
explicit assurances that he was still animated by the same 
wish for a general peace, which he had appeared to shew in 
his letter to his Britannic majesty; that after his Prussian 
majesty had transmitted the positive answers of the court 
of the Thuileries, that it persevered in the intention sin¬ 
cerely to lend its hand to a pacific negociation, the emperor 
had accepted the passports; but that by a fresh transgression 
of the most solemn treaties, the union of the Ligurian re¬ 
public with France had been effected; that this event of 
itself, the circumstances which had accompanied it, the 
formalities which had been employed to hasten the execution 
of it, the moment which had been chosen to carry the same 
into execution, had formed an aggregate which must termi¬ 
nate the sacrifices that the emperor would have made at 
the pressing request of Great Britain, and in the hope of 
restoring tranquillity to Europe by the means of nego¬ 
ciation. 
The recall of the Russian envoy appeared to be the signal 
of hostilities on the part of Russia and Austria against 
France. These hostilities may be said to have commenced 
and terminated in the autumn of this year. The military 
operations that distinguished this short but bloody conflict, 
the rapid successes of the French, the capitulation of Ulm on 
the 17th of October, the occupation of Vienna by the French 
on the I2th of the same month, and the sanguinary battle of 
Austerlitz on the 27th of November, have been already noticed 
under France, The consequences of these disastrous events 
were, first, a cessation of hostilities, and at length a treaty of 
firm alliance between Russia and France, 
Before Alexander finally stooped to the imperial eagles 
of Napoleon, however, he was determined to make one 
more effort to preserve his independence. The Russian 
envoy at Paris, d’Oubril, had hastily concluded a prelimi¬ 
nary treaty of peace between his master and the emperor of 
the French, which he signed at Paris on the 8th of July, 
6 G 18Q6, 
