491 
RUSSIA. 
The annexed table contains the summary of the exports and imports for several years:— 
Years. 
Importation. 
Exportation. 
Years. 
Importation. 
Exportation. 
Roubles. 
Roubles. 
1802 
56,530,094 
63,277,759 
1812 
79,365,560 
139,255,713 
1803 
55,557,855 
67,148,643 
1813 
121,084,865 
133,807,040 
1804 
49,500,109 
59,017,549 
1814 
113,785,322 
196,216,820 
1805 
55,529,118 
72,430,185 
1815 
114,729,440 
220,895,110 
1806 
51,641,466 
62,649,556 
1819 
167,599,003 
210,589,310 
1807 
40,403,662 
53,564,901 
1825 
182,706,835 
234,731,448 
The grand channels of this commerce by sea, were as follow:— 
Years. 
By the Baltic. 
By the White Sea. 
By the Black Sea and the 
Sea of Azof. 
By the Caspian Sea. 
Importation. 
Exportation. 
Importation. 
Exportation. 
Importation. 
Exportation. 
Importation. 
Exportation. 
1802 
1803 
1804 
1805 
1806 
1807 
32,983,418 
30,125,676 
27,107,653 
28,930,001 
27,191,468 
27,394,978 
46,917,134 
49,430,718 
45,152,020 
52,115,188 
49,143,759 
43,027,294 
549,732 
504,506 
388,669 
389,872 
287,226 
587,424 
4,796,017 
4,802,638 
2,221,490 
3,754,091 
4,095,661 
3,287,034 
2,054,789 
2,960,886 
4,216,343 
5,365,059 
4,730,138 
584,977 
2,986,096 
4,924,050 
4,915,357 
7,403,372 
3,628,323 
397,694 
666,044 
802,192 
757,241 
857,201 
544,760 
1,077,610 
89,984 
150,138 
96,485 
126,564 
91,443 
185,599 
From this Table, it results, 1st. That the importation upon 
the Baltic Sea, and upon the White Sea, during the above 
period, was very inferior to the exportation ; that commerce 
was more equal upon the Black Sea, but that the importation 
greatly surpassed the exportation upon the Caspiau Sea. 
2d. That the importation upon the Baltic Sea has dimi¬ 
nished, but that the exportation has been better sustained. 
The first phenomenon was the effect of the continental sys¬ 
tem ; the second arose from the want which foreigners had 
of Russian productions. 
3d. That the commerce of the White Sea is chiefly com¬ 
merce of exportation, which has been pretty well sustained 
in spite of all obstacles. 
4th. That the commerce upon the Black Sea is the most 
equal commerce among the commercial nations. The sur¬ 
plus which there is of exportation, arises chiefly from the 
commerce of Odessa in corn. 
5th. That the commerce upon the Caspian Sea is the most 
disadvantageous to Russia, the importation being seven or 
eight times greater than the exportation. 
6th. That the general importation by sea amounted, 
during this period, at a medium to 33,506,643 roubles, and 
the exportation to 55,623,024. The balance was therefore 
in favour of Russia; for there were 22,116,381 roubles more 
exported than imported. 
1812 
47,542,819 
82,932,106 
8,713,083 
10,609,158 
3,019,905 
10,767,677 
1,059,138 
309,689 
1813 
89,937,446 
76,474,118 
5,549,598 
7,723,398 
6,364,631 
15,480,616 
2,337,734 
1,918,824 
1814 
80,072,063 
129,517,007 
1,140,864 
8,845,528 
9,600,063 
15,396,537 
2,962,388 
1,769,625 
1815 
80,135,941 
141,682,571 
2,499,332 
15,854,110 
7,714,974 
22,020,421 
2,203,644 
2,032,182 
The importation by the Baltic Sea, in 1813, is unique in 
its kind; it exceeds by forty-two millions that of the year 
1812; it even exceeds the exportation by thirteen millions. 
When the continental system fell to the ground, and when 
peace was restored to Europe after the dreadful conflict of 
1812, England especially filled the ports of Russia with 
colonial merchandise and her manufactured goods. This 
period passed, the importation of the Baltic Sea fell some¬ 
what, but it always remained thirty-three millions superior 
to the year 1812, and fifty-three millions superior to the last 
years of the preceding period. 
The Literature of Russia (that is to say of the capital 
and largest cities,) is advancing at a fair pace. In poetry, 
the first step towards knowledge made by a barbarous people, 
the “specimens” published by Mr. Bowring shew a high 
degree of excellence. In science, translations from other 
languages form of course the mass of Russian books. Ne¬ 
vertheless original productions are met with. The principal 
physicians of St. Petersburgh form a Society, which publishes 
essays on medical subjects in German, under the title of 
«* Vermischte Abhandlungen aus dem Gebiete der Heil- 
kunde.” Zoology has been recently treated by Michel 
Maximovich in a Russian work, entitled Glavnia Osnovania, 
of which the first volume was published at Moscow, in 1824. 
This is the first original work on Zoology hitherto composed 
in the Russian language.—In Entomology , the Baron de 
Mannerheim, a Member of the Society of Natural History 
at Moscow, published at St. Petersburgh, in 1823, a trea¬ 
tise in Latin, on the class of insects called Eacnemis.—The 
author is employed in the administration of the civil govern¬ 
ment of Finland, but devotes his leisure, with great effect, 
to the study of Natural History.—Dmitri PerevoztchikofF, 
Assistant Professor in the University of Moscow, published 
in 1822, “ Glavnie Osnovan'ie,” &c. (Primary Elements) 
of Geometry, in the Russian language. The same writer 
had, in 1819, translated into Russian, Francceur’s Coursdes 
Matnematiques, and in 1820, an elementary work on 
Arithmetic. The only original Russian work of merit on 
mathematical subjects previously to M. PerevoztchikofTs, 
was a treatise on Algebra, published about twelve years ago 
by M. Platof Gamaley, an author of profound erudition. 
There have, however, been several Russian translations of 
mathematical works from the French and German; but the 
number of persons in Russia who devote themselves to the 
study of mathematics is small .—Geography has been rather 
more cultivated. In 1823, was published in Russian, at 
Moscow, “Noveiskaia gueographitchekaia i istoritcheskaia 
Izvest ia o Kavkaze,” new geographical and historical notices 
on Caucasus, by Semen Bronevsky, who, having accompa¬ 
nied the mission to Persia, in 1796, remained in Georgia 
from 1802 to 1804, as Director of the Chancery under Prince 
Tzitziauof. M. Bronevsky has consulted the works of most 
authors 
