RUT 
RUT 
sule gibbous, five-lobed, half five-cleft, five-celled, opening 
into five parts between the tips. Seeds very many, rugged 
renifom-angular. Ruta graveolens, in all the flowers except 
the primary one, loses a fifth part of the number in every 
part of the fructification; and has the petals ciliate at the 
base.— Esesntial Character. Calyx five parted. Petals 
concave. Receptacle surrounded by ten honey dots. Cap¬ 
sule lobed. 
1. Ruta graveolens, or common rue.—Root woody, 
branched. Stems frutescent, covered with a rugged, gray, 
striated bark, eighteen inches high and more. Branches, 
especially the young ones, smooth and pale green. Leaves 
glaucous, pulpy, dotted. Leaflets obovate, sessile. Flowers 
in a branching corymb on subdivided peduncles.—Native of 
the South of Europe, flowering from June to September. 
Rue was anciently also named in English, herb grace, or herb 
of grace. 
2. Ruta montana, or mountain rue.—Leaves superdecom¬ 
pound, all the leaflets linear, petals quite entire. Stalks from 
two to three feet high, branching out from the bottom, and 
garnished with leaves divided into five parts, and those at 
the top into three, which are as small and narrow as the bot¬ 
tom leaves; they are of a gray colour, but not so fetid as 
those of the preceding. The flowers grow at the end of the 
branches in loose spikes, which are generally reflexed. The 
petals are yellow. The seed-vessels are small, and filled with 
angular black seeds.—Native of the South of Europe, and 
Barbary. 
3. Ruta chalepensis, or African rue.—Leaves superdecom¬ 
pound oblong, the end one obovate, petals ciliate-toothed. 
This is very like ruta graveolens. Stem three feet high, up¬ 
right, round, very much branched.—Native of Africa. 
°4. Ruta pinnata, or wing-leaved rue.—Leaves pinnate, 
leaflets lanceolate, attenuated at the base, serrate-crenate; 
petals quite entire. Stem as in the other species—Native of 
the Canary Islands. 
5. Ruta patavina, or three-leaved rue.—Leaves ternate 
sessile, linear quite entire, attenuated at the base. The stalk 
rises singly from the root, is about a foot high, and herbaceous. 
It seems to be a plant of short duration.—Found near Padua. 
6 . Ruta linifolia, or flax-leaved rue.—Leaves simple, 
lanceolate smooth, filaments ciliate, stem simple herbaceous. 
—Native of Spain and Tunis. 
7. Ruta fruticulosa, or shrubby rue.—Leaves simple, 
linear, spatulate, pubescent, filaments woolly, stem branched 
shrubby. The flow'ers are as small again as in the preceding 
species, and the petals are more clawed.—Native of Media, 
and of Syria, near Damascus. 
Propagation and Culture. —Most of these plants may be 
propagated either by sowing their seeds, or by planting slips 
or cuttings; both of which may be done in the spring. No. 7. 
is propagated by seeds, sown in autumn, soon after they are 
ripe. The plants will come up the following spring. 
Whereas when the seeds are sown in the spring, the plants 
seldom rise the same year. On poor ground, or among 
rubbish, in a warm situation, it will live in the open air 
without covering; but in rich ground it is frequently killed 
in the winter. 
RUTACEiE [so named from the genus ruta, which is 
one of the tribe], is a natural order of plants, the 81st in the 
system of Jussieu, or the 21st of his 13th class, that is to 
say, of Gerania. Of the order now before us, Jussieu 
must be considered as the founder. We shall, therefore, 
exhibit his own view of it, though that view is very in¬ 
complete, and capable of being much improved and elu¬ 
cidated by recent discoveries. 
Calyx of one leaf, often in five deep segments. Petals 
mostly five, alternate with the segments of the calyx. Sta¬ 
mens definite, distinct, generally ten, alternately opposite to 
the petals and to the calyx. Germen simple; style solitary; 
stigma simple, or rarely divided. Fruit either of many cells,' 
or many capsules, the cells or capsules mostly five, each 
containing one or more seeds, inserted into the inner angles. 
Corculum flat, in a fleshy albumen. Stem either herbaceous 
or shrubby, rarely arboreous. Leaves in some alternate. 
495 
naked; in others accompanied by stipulas, in which case they 
are most usually opposite. Flowers either axillary or terminal. 
Sect. 1. Leaves with stipulas, and mostly opposite.— 
This section consists of tribulus, fagonia, zygophyllum, and 
guaiacum; all Linnaean genera. 
Sect. 2. Leaves alternate, without stipulas.—Ruta, pega- 
num, and dictamnus. 
Sect. 3. Genera akin to the rutacese.—Melianthus, diosma, 
empleurum of Solander, and aruba of Aublet. 
RUTCHESTER, the Vindohala of the Romans, a town¬ 
ship of England, in Northumberland, north-west of Choller- 
ton. The ruins of the fort, which was once very consider¬ 
able, are still remarkable. Severus’s wall runs on the middle 
of the east rampart, and Adrian’s vallum passes the distance 
of a chain to the south of it. 
RUTENI PROVINCIALES, a people of Gallia Narbon- 
nensis, according to Pliny. Caesar (Bell. Gall. 1. vii. c. 7.) 
mentions them. These people inhabited the territory to the 
left of the Tarn. 
RUTGERS (John), an able critic and negociator, was 
born of an ancient family at Dordrecht, in 1589. He re¬ 
ceived a part of his early education under Gerard Vossius, 
and in 1605, was sent to Leyden, where he resided with 
Dominic Baudius. Having completed his course, he tra¬ 
velled into France, and took the degree of licentiate in law, 
at Orleans. While at Paris, he printed, at the office of 
Robert Stephens, an edition of Horace, with notes; which 
was afterwards reprinted by Burmann, at Leyden, in 1699. 
When he returned to Holland, he accepted the invitation of 
the Swedish ambassador to accompany him to Sweden, 
where Gustavus Adolphus, in 1614, conferred upon him the 
title of his counsellor. He was, after this, employed three 
times as envoy from that prince to Holland upon very im¬ 
portant affairs, in which he acquitted himself with great 
credit, and quite to the satisfaction of his majesty, who en¬ 
nobled him in 1619. He visited Bohemia, Denmark, and 
several German courts, in the same quality ; and lastly, he 
resided at the Hague, as minister from Gustavus to that re¬ 
public, where he died in 1625, at the age of 36. He had 
published, in 1618, six books, entitled “ Varise Leetiones;” 
and after his death, Heinsius published his Latin poems in 
conjunction with his own. 
RUTH, s. Mercy; pity; tenderness; sorrow for the 
misery of another. Out of use. —Misery; sorrow. 
The weary Britons, whose war-hable youth. 
Was by Maximian lately led away, 
With wretched miseries and woful ruth. 
Were to those Pagans made an open prey. Spenser. 
RUTHEMSHEIM, a small town of the west of Germany, 
in Wirtemberg, near Leonsberg, with 800 inhabitants. 
RUTHEN, or Ruden, a small town of Prussian West¬ 
phalia, in the government of Arensberg, on the Monne. 
Population 1600; 20 miles south-west of Paderborn. 
RUTHERFORD, a county of the United States, in the 
west part of North Carolina. Population 13,202, including 
979 slaves. 
RUTHERFORD, a county of the United States, in West 
Tennessee. Population 10,265, including 2701 slaves. 
The chief town is Murfreesborough. 
RUTHERFORDTON, a town of the United States, and 
capital of Rutherford county, North Carolina; 45 miles south 
of Morgantown. 
RUTHERFORTH (Thomas), was born at Papsworth- 
Everhard, in Cambridgeshire, in 1712. Having passed 
through the elementary parts of his education, he was entered 
at St. John’s College, in the university of Cambridge, where 
he took his degrees in the arts, and obtained a fellowship in 
the college. He was afterwards appointed regius professor of 
divinity in the university, and created D.D. Being attached 
to, and well versed in, mathematics and natural philosophy, 
he was elected a fellow of the Royal Society, and was after¬ 
wards appointed a chaplain to his royal highness the prince 
of Wales. In the church he was rector of Barley, in Hert¬ 
fordshire, and of Shenfield in Essex, and an archdeacon. 
He 
