R U Y 
iEneas, Turnus was their king. This prince, in his attempt 
to oppose the establishment of the Trojans, was killed in the 
combat. The Rutuli, in process of time, were often con¬ 
founded with the Latins. Their capital was called Ardea. 
RUTULUS, in Roman Antiquity, the barrier of the cavea, 
or place where the wild beasts used in amphitheatrical sports 
were shut up. It was made of iron bars, which turned upon 
hinges, and all at once flew open with great swiftness. 
RUTY-PUNDOC, a name given by the people of the 
East Indies to a peculiar species of yellow orpiment, which 
they find on the tops of the mountains there; and, after 
several calcinations, give internally in coughs and colds. 
The ancient Greeks used this orpiment in the same manner. 
We have of late run into an opinion of its being a fatal 
poison; but Boerhaave, in his Chemistry, affirms, on his 
own trials, that it is innocent and harmless. 
RUTZEN, a large village of Prussian Silesia; 18 miles 
east of Gross Glogau. 
RUVO, a small town of Italy, in the east of the kingdom 
of Naples, in the province of Bari. It is the see of a bishop. 
Population 3300; 6 miles south of Trani, and 20 west of 
Bari. 
RUYSBEKE, a large village of the Netherlands in the 
province of South Brabant. Population 2100 ; 7 miles 
south-south-west of Brussels. 
, RUYSCH (Frederic), an eminent anatomist, was born in 
1638, at the Hague, where his father resided as secretary to 
the States General. He was first placed with an apothecary, 
and afterwards studied at Leyden, where his preceptor in 
anatomy was Van Hoorne. Nature, rather than books, was 
the great object of his attention, and he carried his inquiries 
into all the classes of natural productions. He took the 
degree of M.D. at Franeker, and then settled at his native 
place, where he married. Having learned the art of anato¬ 
mical injection from Swammerdam, he became the most dis¬ 
tinguished practitioner of it in his time, and formed a collec¬ 
tion of preparations which was visited by all persons of 
curiosity. His reputation caused him, in 1665, to be invited 
to a professorship of anatomy in Amsterdam, and that capital 
was thenceforth his residence during life. With his office as 
professor, he united the practice of physic, and was appointed 
inspector of the bodies of those who were killed in private 
quarrels, and the examiner and instructor of midwives. He 
kept secret his processes of injection, which he carried to 
such a degree of perfection as almost to renew the appearance 
of life in the subjects on which he operated. The tzar 
Peter, in his visit to Holland, took great delight in the 
museum of Ruysch, and often spent much time in his dis¬ 
secting room, partaking of the frugal dinner of the anatomist. 
He purchased his collection, which he sent to Russia; and 
Ruysch, though then in years, set about forming a new one. 
Haller speaks of him in the following terms: “ He employed 
wonderful patience, with the assistance of his daughters, in 
rendering all his preparations elegant and beautiful, being 
equally skilled in the methods of softening, hardening, 
filling, and drying. He loved to preserve them all as objects 
for show, whence he scarcely ever displayed any part in 
conjunction with the rest of the body. He was the first who 
prepared cellular membranes distended by inflation ; and the 
first and almost the only one who exhibited injected bodies 
preserved in air with their natural colour. He first discovered 
the art of hardening the brain; and although Lieberkuhn 
despised the mummies of Ruysch, it would be an ungrateful 
return for his long labours to neglect the many valuable 
things either dispersed through his works, or deducible from 
his experiments, and which Boerhaave chiefly employed as 
the foundations of his vascular theory. He was, moreover, 
a candid man, who did not refuse to confess his own mis¬ 
takes.” The cabinet of Ruysch was set off with all the 
nicety and ornamental taste belonging to his country. Plants 
disposed in nosegays, and shells arranged in figures, were 
mixed with skeletons of animals and anatomical prepara¬ 
tions, and suitable inscriptions from the Latin poets, were 
placed at proper intervals. The whole was a spectacle of 
equal entertainment and instruction. He had been made 
R U Y 490 
professor of botany as well as of anatomy; and he carried 
his skill in preparation into that science also, employing 
maceration and other contrivances to display the vessels and 
skeletons of various vegetable substances. By his museum 
and his writings, he rendered his name celebrated throughout 
Europe, and obtained various literary honours, being made 
a member of the Academy Naturae Curiosorum, the Royal 
Society of London, and the Academies of Sciences of Peters- 
burgh and Paris. He passed a long life with no other con¬ 
finement from disease than that occasioned by a broken 
thigh three years before his death; and he continued sound 
in body and mind to his 93d year, when he was carried olf 
by a fever in 1731. 
Of the writings of Ruysch, the first and one of the most 
valuable, was his “ DilueidatioValvularum inVasis Lympha- 
ticis, et Lacteis,” 12mo., 1665: by this work a complete 
confutation was given to Bilsius, who had denied the exist¬ 
ence of valves in those vessels. Some anatomical observa¬ 
tions were subjoined, relative to varieties in the vessels and 
viscera. His other publications were “ Observationum Ana- 
tomico-chirurgicarum Centuria,” 4to., 1691, to which was 
added a Catalogue of the Rarities in his Museum ; this col¬ 
lection contains several valuable observations in surgery and 
midwifery, which have been translated into French and 
English; “ Responsio ad Godof. Bidloi Vindicias,” 4to., 
1697. Ruysch had been attacked by Bidloo, a less indus¬ 
trious but more learned man, and this is his reply; it con¬ 
tains sixteen epistles of his disciples witli his answers. In 
1711 he began to publish his “ Thesauri Anatomici,” in 
Latin and Dutch, of which, to the year 1715, he succes¬ 
sively printed ten parts, in 4to.; and he interposed a 
work called “ Thesaurus Animalium,” with figures, 1710. 
He then published “ Adversariorum Anatomico-medico-chi- 
rurgicorum. Part III.,” from 1717 to 1723 : and in 1722 he 
published “ De Fabrica Glandularum in Corpore humano, 
Epistola responsorio ad II. Boerhaave,” in which he ably 
defended his opinion concerning the vascular nature of the 
glands, against that of their follicular structure adopted by 
Boerhaave. This industrious writer was the author of some 
smaller pieces which it is not necessary to enumerate. A 
collection of his “ Opera omnia Anatomico medico-chirur- 
gica” was published at Amsterdam, in five vols. 4to., 1737. 
After his death, his anatomical preparations were sold by 
auction : a part of them was purchased by the king of 
Poland, and sent to Wirtemberg. 
His son Henry, who was a doctor of physic, and well 
versed in anatomy and natural history, died before his father, 
in 1727. He was the author of a work entitled “ Theatrum 
universale omnium Animalium,” &c., Amst. 2 vols. folio, 
1718, which passes for an improved edition of Johnston’s 
“ Historia Naturalis,” but is so much augmented as to be 
rather a new composition. Eloges De Fontenelle. Halleri 
Bib/. Anatom. A Chirurg. Eloy. 
His daughter painted flowers in an eminent style. 
RUYSCHIA [so named by Jacquin, in memory of 
Frederic Ruysch, professor of anatomy and botany at Am¬ 
sterdam], in Botany, a genus of the class pentaudria, order 
monogynia.—Generic Character. Calyx : perianth five¬ 
leaved, permanent: leaflets roundish, concave, blunt, con¬ 
verging, imbricate, augmented at the base by a three-leaved 
involucre : one leaflet bent down, difform. Corolla : petals 
five, ovate flatfish, blunt, reflexed, three times as long as the 
calyx. Stamina: filaments five, awl-shaped, flat, patulous 
shorter than the petals. Anthers oblong, incumbent. Pistil: 
germ ovate-roundish. Style none. Stigma quadrangular, 
cruciform, flat. Pericarp : berry four-celled. Seeds many. 
Stigma five-rayed. Pericarp five-celled. Audi. —two- 
celled, many-seeded. Swartz. — Essential Character . 
Calyx five-leaved. Corolla five-petalled, reflexed. Style 
none. Berry many-seeded. 
1. Ruyschia clusiaefolia.—A. parasitical undershrub, with 
round smooth branches. Leaves alternate, entire, without 
nerves or veins, shining, pale green, three or four inches long, 
on short petioles. Racemes at the ends of the branches, sim¬ 
ple, a foot long, nearly upright, many-flowered; the com¬ 
mon 
