530 
S' A D 
The hapless pair 
Sat in their sad discourse and various plaint. Milton. 
Habitually melancholy; heavy; gloomy; not gay; not 
cheerful.—It minislreth unto men, and other creatures, all 
celestial influences: it dissipateth those sad thoughts and sor¬ 
rows, which the darkness both begetteth and maintaineth. 
Ralegh. —Gloomy; shewing sorrow or anxiety by outward 
appearance. 
Earth trembled from her entrails, as again 
In pangs, and Nature gave a second groan; 
Sky lour’d, and, muttering thunder, some sad drops 
Wept at completing of the mortal sin 
Original. Milton. 
Serious; not light; not volatile ; grave.—The lady Katha¬ 
rine, a sad and religious woman,when Henry VIII.’s resolution 
of a divorce from her was first made known, said that she had 
not offended ; but it was a judgment of God, for that her 
former marriage was made in blood. Bacon. —If it were an 
embassy of weight, choice was made of some sad person of 
known judgment and experience, and not of a young man, 
not weighed in state matters. Bacon. —Afflictive; cala¬ 
mitous. 
Thoughts in my Unquiet breast are risen, 
Tending to some relief of our extremes. 
Or end, though sharp and sad, yet tolerable. Milton. 
Bad ; inconvenient; vexatious; a word of burlesque com¬ 
plaint.—These qualifications make him a sad husband. 
Addison. —Dark coloured.—Scarce any tinging ingredient is 
of so general use as woad, or glastum ; for though of itself it 
dye but a blue, yet it is used to prepare cloth for green, and 
many of the sadder colours, when the dyers make them last 
without fading. Bogle. —Woad or wade is used by the 
dyers to lav the foundation of all sad colours. Mortimer. — 
Heavy; weighty; ponderous. Unused. 
With that his hand, more sad than lump of lead, 
Uplifting high, he weened with Morddure, 
His own good sword, Morddure, to cleave his head. 
Spenser. 
Heavy, applied to bread, as contrary to light. Northern 
provincialism. Grose. 
SADAF, a name given by the Arabian writers, sometimes 
to the purpura, or purple fish, and sometimes to the purple 
fucus, with which the ancient Greek women used to stain 
their cheeks. This was the original of all painting, and the 
substance was the common purple sea-wracks. After this 
every thing was called fucus that was used by the women to 
paint their faces; and they had a fucus metallica made of 
white lead or ceruss: and the purple roots of alcanet, &c. 
were called fuci. 
SADAO or Sado, a river in the west of Portugal, in 
Alentejo, which has its source on the mountain of Monchique, 
flows north the greater part of its course, and falls into a bay 
of the Atlantic, at St. Setubal. 
SADAR, or Alsadar, the Arabian name of the medi¬ 
cinal lotus, described by Dioscorides, and many others of 
the ancients. The fruit of this tree, called by Virgil the 
berries of the acanthus, is the nabac of the Arabian writers, 
though some would have it to be a kind of fig. 
SADAVA, a small town in the north-east of Spain, in 
Arragon ; 20 miles south ofSanguessa, and 47 north-west of 
Saragossa. 
SADBERGE, or Sadbfrgh, a village of England, 
county of Durham, situated on a rivulet that runs into the 
Tees, near Stockton. It was formerly a county, and had its 
proper sheriffs, coroners, and other civil officers. Popula¬ 
tion 396; 4 miles east-north-east of Darlington. 
SADDEL and Skipness, forma United Parish of Scotland, 
situated on the east coast of the peninsula of Kintyre, about 
25 miles, long, and about 2 broad. Population 1965 
To SA'DDEN, v. a. To make sad; to make sorrowful.— 
To make melancholy; to make gloomy. 
SAD 
Her gloomy presence saddens all the scene. 
Shades every flower, and darkens every green ; 
Deepens the murmurs of the falling floods. 
And breathes a browner horror on the woods. Pope « 
To make dark coloured; to make heavy; to make cohe¬ 
sive.—The very soft water, lying long upon the bottoms of 
the sea or pools, doth so compress and sadden them by its 
weight. Rag. —Marl is binding, and saddening of land is 
the great prejudice it doth to clay lands. Mortimer. 
To SA'DDEN, v. n. To become sad.—Troy sadden'd at 
the view. Pope. 
SADD1NGTON, a parish of England in Leicestershire ; 
6 miles north-west of market harbour. 
SA'DDLE, s. [pabel, pabl, Sax.; sadel, Teut. Su. and 
Danish.] The seat which is put upon the horse for the ac¬ 
commodation of the rider.—His horse hipped, with an old 
moth-eaten saddle , and the stirrups of no kindred. Shak~ 
speare. 
The origin of the saddle is not well known. Gorop. 
Becauus attributes its invention to the Salii, a people among 
the ancient Franks; and hence, says he, came the Latin sella,, 
saddle. 
The Greeks, instead of saddles, used cloths or housings; 
and those of the lower class often rode without any. Arrian, 
speaking of the manner of riding among the Indians, says, 
that saddles were not in use among them, and that they had 
no bridles made after the fashion of the Greeks and Celts; 
but instead of them, they governed and guided their horses 
with a thong or strop, cut from the raw hide of a bull, 
which they bound across their noses. On the inside of this 
nose-band they fixed certain little pointed pieces of iron or 
brass, moderately sharp : the richer sort used ivory. 
Athenaeus (lib. xii. 4.) says that the Persians covered their 
horses with many soft and thick housings, or cloths; being 
more desirous of sitting at their ease, than of approving them. 
selves dextrous and bold horsemen. 
The inhabitants of Numidia, Mauritania, Nasamonia. 
Massilia, and other adjacent tracts of the same region, rode 
their horses, which were very fleet and vigorous, without a 
bridle or saddle; using merely a wand or switch to guide 
and command them. 
Saddles were unknown to ancient Greece. Instead of 
these, certain cloths or housings were thrown upon the horse, 
and fastened by a girth or surcingle. Upon these the rider 
sat. They were knowrn by the general name of “ ephippia;” 
and the trappings or horse-furniture, known and used in 
every part of the modern world, may be supposed to owe 
their origin to them. They were composed of different 
materials, leather, cloth, and the skins of wild beasts, and 
sometimes adorned with gold, silver, and precious stones; 
the horses, besides these ornaments, being decked with bells, 
rich collars, and richer devices. 
It is certain the ancient Romans were unacquainted with 
the use either of saddle or stirrups; whence Galen observes 
in several places, that the Roman cavalry, in his time, were 
subject to several diseases of the hips and legs, for want of 
having their feet sustained on horseback. And long before 
him, Hippocrates had noted, that the Scythians, who were 
much'on horseback, were frequently troubled with defluxions 
in their legs, because of their hanging down. 
The first time we hear of saddles among the Romans was 
in the year of Christ 340, when Constantius, endeavouring 
to deprive his brother Constantine of the empire, made head 
against his army, and entering the squadron where he him¬ 
self was, threw him off his saddle, as we are informed by 
the historian Zonaras. Before this time, they made use of 
square pannels; such as we see in the statue of Antoninus 
in the Capitol. 
The succeeding emperors made many regulations con¬ 
cerning horses, and occasionally take notice of saddles. In 
the Theodosian code there is a rescript, given by the em¬ 
perors Valentinian, Theodosius, and Arcadius, which pre¬ 
scribes the exact weight of a saddle, confining it to sixty 
pounds, including the .bridle. 
The 
