533 
S A D O 
Sadducees. These appellations appear at first to have been 
used promiscuously; but by degrees the former fell into 
disuse, and the sect was-known only by the latter name. 
For the history of this sect we refer to Josephus, as quoted 
below, to Basnage’s “ History of the Jews,” book ii. ch. vii. 
or to the “ Ancient Universal History,” vol. x. book ii. 
ch. xi. We have presented our readers, under the article 
Sadducee, with the summary ot their distinguishing 
opinions, as it is drawn up by Enfield. Josepki Antiq. 
On this point, however, we cannot but remark that the 
Sadducees do not deserve the blame with regard to their 
doctrines, that has been so liberally cast upon them. Their 
strict attention to written law, in contradistinction to oral 
tradition, is the very same tenet that, in our own time, divides 
the Protestant from the Catholic church. Their detestation 
of polygamy is sufficiently'remarkable, when we consider 
how prevalent this vice had become in the east, and how 
much it may be palliated by certain parts of the Old Testa¬ 
ment. Their disbelief of angels and other beings, destitute 
of a corporeal vestment, by no means denies, the possible 
existence of such beings. The opinion that virtuous actions 
should not be founded on the mere fear of punishment here¬ 
after,^ extremely exalted. The doctrine which the Sad 
ducees upheld against the Pharisees, that the human mind is 
endowed with an uncontrolled free-will, is what every one 
must subscribe to who does not think virtue and vice mere 
words; nor indeed, excepting their malignant opposition 
to our Saviour, and a few exaggerated points of belief, 
does there seem any thing hateful in the conduct of this 
sect. 
SADOLETO (Jacopo), a celebrated cardinal, born at 
Modena in 1477, was the son of Giovanni Sadoleto, an 
eminent jurist. He studied at Ferrara, where one of his 
masters was the learned Niccolo Leoniceno. Polite literature 
and philosophy were the favourite objects of his attention ; 
and his father, who had designed to bring him up to his own 
profession, suffered him to follow his inclinations. Repair¬ 
ing to Rome in the time of Alexander VI., he found a 
munificent patron in Cardinal Oliviero Caraffa, and an ex¬ 
cellent preceptor in Scipione Carteromaco, under whom he 
made a great progress in elegant literature. He distinguished 
himself so much by his Latin style, that Leo X., almost as 
soon as he was raised to the pontificate, nominated him and 
Bembohis secretaries. His services in this capacity were so 
much approved, that Leo conferred upon him the bishopric 
of Carpentras in 1517 ; and is said to have been obliged to 
lay his commands upon him in order to induce him to accept 
this promotion. The succeeding pontificate of Adrian was 
less favourable to Ciceronian scholars; and Sadoleto had 
the additional mortification of being calumniated as having 
falsified a brief. He therefore retired in 1523 to his see, to 
the great regret of all lovers of polished writing and manners 
in the Roman court. Clement VII. recalled him to his for¬ 
mer post, and manifested the greatest regard for him. That 
pope did not, however, pay the deference to his prudent 
counsels which might have averted the impending dangers, 
of which Sadoleto was so well aware, that he obtained 
permission to retire to his bishopric only twenty days before 
the sack of Rome. In that terrible catastrophe he lost all the 
property which he had left in the capital, and it was the 
eventual cause of the dispersion of a rare and valuable library 
which he had collected. This was put on board a ship for 
France, and had arrived on the coast, when the plague 
breaking out among the passengers, the ship was not suffered 
to etiter a port. The books of Sadoleto, therefore, with the 
rest of the cargo, were transported to some distant country, 
and lost to their owner. At Carpentras he employed him¬ 
self in pastoral cares, and obtained no less honour as an 
exemplary prelate, than he had done as one of the most 
■elegant scholars of the age. He repressed the extortion of 
the Jewish usurers, relieved the necessities of the poor, 
provided fort he liberal education of the youth, and was very 
vigilant in preventing the spread of the new opinions in his 
diocese, though he always treated the persons of the reformers 
Vol. XXII. No. 1520. 
L E T O. 
with lenity. He was highly esteemed by Francis I., who 
made great offers to draw him to his court; but he thought 
it his duty to obey the call of Paul III., who, in 1536, created 
him a member of the congregation of reform, and elevated 
him to the cardinalate. He gave advice freely to that pontiff, 
who held him in great esteem, and took him to Nice in 1558, 
when he had a conference with Charles V. and Francis I, 
It was still the Cardinal’s principal desire to reside at his see, 
and employ himself in pastoral duties and the cultivation of 
letters; and he was permitted to indulge this laudable in¬ 
clination till 1542, when the Pope summoned him to Rome, 
and appointed him his legate to the King of France, for the 
purpose of negotiating a peace between that monarch and 
the Emperor. He succeeded in disposing the mind of the 
French king to an accommodation, but insuperable obstacles 
were raised on the part of Charles. Sadoleto returned to 
Rome, and assisted in the frequent congregations held 
previously to the convocation of the council of Trent, till 
his death in 1547. He was interred without pomp, according 
to his own direction, in the church of St. Peter ad Vincula, 
and his funeral eulogy was pronounced by Cardinal 
Caraffa. 
Few men of the age have left a more thoroughly estimable 
character than Cardinal Sadolet. His disinterestedness was 
shewn by his refusal of any other benefice than the humble 
bishopric of Carpentras, though pluralities were never more 
common among the dignitaries of the church. His temper 
was mild, with great sensibility and elevation of soul, and 
he united solid piety and fervent zeal, with freedom from 
superstition, and Christian charity. His address to the senate 
and people of Geneva, who had begun to throw off the 
papal yoke, is a model of episcopal eloquence and paternal 
mildness. It was answered by Calvin. In his youth he 
obtained a high rank among those Italians who, at this 
period, cultivated polite literature with a success that has 
rendered them a kind of second classics. His prose style in 
Latin was formed upon an exclusive imitation of Cicero’s, 
and his verse upon an equally close imitation of Virgil’s; of 
both of which great authors the phraseology was freely 
copied by Sadolet, as well as by his contemporaries. Hav¬ 
ing a more serious turn than Bembo and some others, he 
never disgraced his pen by indecent levities, but always 
preserved a gravity becoming his station. Of his Latin 
poetry the most admired pieces are that entitled Curtius, and 
that upon the statue of Laocoon. Among his miscellaneous 
works in prose, his treatise “ De Liberis instituendis" 
contains many valuable precepts and just observations on 
moral and literary education; and his two books “ De 
Laudibus Philosophise” happily imitate not only the style, 
but the manner of thinking of Cicero. Some “ Discourses,” 
and 17 books of e ‘ Epistles,” belong to this class of his 
writings. Of his various theological works the most 
celebrated is his “ Commentary on St. Paul’s Epistle to the 
Romans,” published about 1535, and for which he had the 
misfortune to be involved in an ecclesiastical censure. He 
was supposed to have deviated from the opinions of St. Augus¬ 
tin respecting grace, and to have approached the heresy of 
the Semi-Pelagians; and through the interference of the 
Master of the Sacred Pajace, bis work under went a prohibition. 
Some propositions were also selected from it by the faculty of 
theology at Paris, and were sent to the author for explanation. 
He suffered much uneasiness from these attacks; but at 
length, by some alterations and elucidations, accompanied 
with profound submission to the authority of the church, the 
work was declared catholic, and its perusal was permitted. 
Sadolet was a correspondent of most of the eminent writers 
and scholars of the time, among whom were Erasmus and 
Melanchthon. His works were published collectively 
at Verona, in 3 vols. 4to., 1740. Moreri. Tiraboschi. 
SADOON, a station in Abyssinia, on the high road be¬ 
tween Massuah and Dixan. 
SADRAS, a town of the south of India, province of the 
Carnatic. This was formerly a village, which was purchased 
by the Dutch, about the middle of the 17th century, who sur- 
6 U rounded 
