S A 
germs pedicelled.—This is naturally a tree thirty feet or more 
in height, but being one of the best osiers for the use of basket- 
makers, is generally cut and kept low. The bark of the stem 
and branches peels off spontaneously, almost like that of the 
plane-tree. The branches are upright, long, slender, pliable 
and tough, though somewhat brittle at their insertion; their 
bark is brownish and smooth. Stipules ovate, veiny, but 
often wanting. Catkins at the ends of small leafy young 
branches, erect, yellowish, with blunt downy scales. Sta¬ 
mens generally three to each scale, very rarely (in the same 
catkin) only two. Germ ovate, pointed, warty. Stigmas 
short, spreading, notched. Capsule very smooth, green. 
—Native of many parts of Europe; as Britain, Germany, 
Switzerland, France, Flanders, Carniola, Piedmont, &c.; 
common also in Siberia. 
3. Salix pentandra, or bay-leaved willow.—Five sta- 
mened.—The sweet or bay-leaved willow is sufficiently well 
known by its broad odoriferous leaves, the serratures of 
which exude a copious yellow resin, and its numerous sta¬ 
mens, commonly about five to each flower. 
It frequently grows to a tree ten or twelve feet high, with 
a trunk as large as a man’s thigh : the twigs are of a reddish 
colour, tinged with yellow: the leaves are stiff, shining 
smooth on both sides, finely serrate with close numerous 
cartilaginous teeth ; when full grown, they are about three 
inches long, and an inch and a half wide: each scale in the 
male catkin has usually five stamens, but often six, and 
sometimes seven. These catkins are very sweet-scented.— 
Native of several parts of Europe, as Britain, Switzerland, 
Dauphine, Piedmont; also of Siberia. 
Much used in Yorkshire for making the larger sort of 
baskets; the branches are cut to make springles; the leaves 
afford a yellow dye; the wood crackles greatly in the fire. 
The down of the seeds, mixed with a third part of cotton, 
has been proved to be a very good substitute for cotton itself, 
and has been used for stuffing cushions, wicks for candles, 
&c. 
4. Salix phylicifolia, or tea-leaved willow.—A shrub, 
with smooth slender spreading branches. Leaves alternate, 
petioled, lanceolate; the margin a little more thickened than 
ordinary; all the leaves are either perfectly smooth in every 
part, or a little sprinkled with minute hairs; dark green 
above, glaucous and reticulated with veins beneath. Foot¬ 
stalks slender, smooth. Stipules crescent-shaped, mostly 
serrate, various in size.—Native of Lapland, and the 
northern parts of Sweden. 
5. Salix nigricans, or dark broad-leaved willow.—The 
trunk scarcely rises to the height or form of a tree. The 
branches are upright, round, rather brittle, smooth. Leaves 
two or three inches long, acute, a little rounded at the base, 
crenate, but more slightly in the female plant; dark green 
and very smooth above; glaucous, veiny, rarely a little 
hairy beneath. Foot-stalks very broad at their base. Cat¬ 
kins from an inch to an inch and half long, thickish, with 
obovate brown hairy scales.—Native of Lapland ; and found 
at Wrongay fen, Norfolk, and in osier grounds in other 
places. 
6. Salix laurina, or shining dark-green willow.—Leaves 
elliptic, acute, toothlet-serrate smoothish glaucous under¬ 
neath, germs pedicelled lanceolate silky.—Very nearly re¬ 
lated to the last, but certainly a distinct species But the 
germ is shorter, and less tapering.—Found in osier-liolts and 
marshes; flowering in April and May. 
7. Salix petiolaris, or dark long-leaved willow.—Leaves 
lanceolate serrate smooth glaucous underneath, germs pedi¬ 
celled ovate silky, stigmas sessile two-lobed.—The footstalks 
are peculiarly long, linear, and slender, silky on the upper 
side. Female catkins scarcely an inch long, with black, 
hairy, obovate, often notched scales. Germs on long foot¬ 
stalks, small ovate, silky. It flowers in April. 
8. Salix Japonica, or Japan willow.—Leaves serrate 
smooth lanceolate glaucous underneath, the younger ones 
villose.—This is a middle-sized tree, with round flexuose 
upright cinereous smooth divided branches. Flowers from 
L I X. 579 
the same bud with the leaves.—Native of Japan, and flow¬ 
ering there in March. 
9. Salix vitellina, or yellow willow.—The yellow willow 
is a middle-sized tree, much branched at the top: branches 
upright. Bark gray, chopped, cinnamon-coloured within, 
bitter and astringent. The female trees, when left to them¬ 
selves, have pendant branches, but when lopped, are stiff 
and straight. Male catkins at first upright, then turned 
down; nectaries two. Stamens two. Female catkins from 
two to three inches in length. Leaves alternate, slightly 
serrate, with a yellowish midrib; they are about three inches 
long and one inch broad, but always broader in the female 
treee. Stipules none. The male tree is generally smaller 
and less common than the female.—Native of the more tem¬ 
perate parts of Europe. Common in England, but doubt¬ 
ful whether it be indigenous. 
The shoots are used by basket-makers. The wood is 
white and very tough. The cotton will make ordinary 
paper, and may serve some of the purposes of genuine cot¬ 
ton. The bark may be used in dyeing, and medicinally in 
agues. It is common all over Russia, and is used for Palms 
at Easter in the Greek churches. 
10. Salix amygdalina, or broad-leaved three-stamened 
willow.—Three-stamened, leaves ovate oblique serrate 
smooth, germs pedicelled, stipules very large.—This never 
rises into a tree. The bark is deciduous, as in Salix triandra, 
which, added to the traindrous flowers, perhaps led to the 
suspicion that there existed no specific difference between 
the two species: the leaves, however, will sufficiently serve to 
discriminate them. Those of Salix amygdalina are shorter, 
of a broadish ovate figure rounded at the base, by no means 
linear; they are moreover oblique, the width of the two 
sides being unequal.—Native of several parts of Europe, in 
osier-holts and marshes. 
11. Salix hastata,or halbert-leaved willow.—Leaves serrate 
smooth subovate acute sessile, stipules subcordate.—Native of 
Lapland, Westrobothnia, Germany, Switzerland, Russia and 
Siberia. 
12. Salix iEgyptiaca, or Egyptian willow.—This tree grows 
to a considerable height. Leaves oblong, very large, hoary 
beneath, crenate about the edges.—Native of Egypt, and of 
Barbary near La Calle. 
13. Salix fragilis, or crack willow.—Leaves serrate smooth 
ovate lanceolate, petioles tooth-glandular.—This is one of the 
largest trees of the genus. The branches break off easily at 
the shoot of the preceding year. The catkins have two or 
three fugacious leaves at the base of the peduncle. Though 
the branches are brittle on the tree, yet they are pliant 
when it is young, or kept down for osiers; and the male 
flowers have sometimes three stamens.—Native of the greater 
part of Europe, especially the northern parts of Russia to the 
limits of Caucasus. 
14. Salix Babylonica, or weeping willow.—This tree is 
remarkable and generally esteemed for its long slender 
pendulous branches, which give it a peculiar character, and 
render it a beautiful object on the margin of streams or pools. 
Leaves minutely and sharply serrate, smooth on both sides, 
glaucous underneath, with the midrib whitish; on short 
petioles. Stipules, when preseut, roundish or semilunar and 
very small; but more frequently wanting, and then in their 
stead a glandular dot on each side. Catkins axillary, small, 
oblong: in the male the filaments longer than the scale, 
with two ovate erect glands fastened to the base: the female, 
on two leaved peduncles scarcely longer than half an inch.— 
Native of the Levant. 
15. Salix purpurea, or bitter purple willow.—One-stamen- 
ed, leaves obovate-lanceolate serrate smooth, stigmas very 
short ovate subsessile.—A bushy shrub three or four feet high, 
with long slender tough purple shining branches. The 
male catkins are very slender, scarcely an inch long, nearly 
sessile, consisting of many thickset flowers, the uppermost of 
which expand first. Scales black at the tip, hairy. Nectary 
a solitary gland opposite to each scale. Female catkins 
exactly like the male in size and form. 
The 
