582 
SAL 
SAL 
lanceolate, wrinkled, tomentose underneath, capsules pedi- 
celled smooth.—This is allied to caprea.—Native of the 
kingdom of Tunis. 
49. Salix tristis, or narrow-leaved American willow.—Not 
stipuled,leaveslinear-lanceolate, petioled, wrinkled, tomentose 
underneath.—“Native [of Pennsylvania. It flowers in April. 
50. Salix viminalis, or osier.—Not stipuled, leaves lan¬ 
ceolate-linear,-very long, almost entire, flat, silky underneath. 
—The osier is a very tall, slender, obsequious quick-growing 
shrub. Frequently arborescent. Bark grayish, smooth, with 
here and there a crack. Branches very long, straight, slender, 
tough. Male catkins oblong, from an inch lo an inch and 
a half in length, on very short peduncles: stamens two: 
nectary one. Female catkins cylindrical of the same length 
with the male, half an inch broad. The leaves being silvery 
underneath; the nectary in the male flower being long and 
slender; and the style in the female flower being very long, 
are sufficient marks to distinguish this and its varieties from 
the other species.—Native of most parts of Europe, in moist 
boggy land, woods and hedges. Much cultivated in osier- 
holts, for making hoops and the larger sorts of baskets, ham¬ 
pers, cradles, bird-cages, &c. It is planted to prevent the 
banks of rivers from being washed away by the force of the 
current, and it forms a hedge very useful in keeping off winds. 
—Putcheonsand wee’s for catching eels are made of the twigs. 
Innumerable varieties are cultivated in the osier-grounds 
for the basket-makers; and the same frequently under differ¬ 
ent names in different places; so that it would be difficult 
and of little use to enumerate them. 
51. Salix cinerea, or cinereous leaved sallow.—Leaves 
sub-serrate, oblong-ovate, sub-villose underneath, stipules half- 
cordate.—In woods more than six and sometimes near 
twelve feet high: in exposed boggy ground it spreads more, 
but does not rise so high. Catkins brownish, placed below the 
leaves, on a peduncle with a few small spear-shaped leaflets. 
About Palm Sunday, the children, in many parts of 
our island, gather the flowering branches, calling them 
Palms.—Native of Europe in moist woods and hedges, not 
in a dry soil. It flov r ers in April. 
52. Salix alba, or white willow.—Leaves lanceolate acumi¬ 
nate serrate, pubescent on both sides, the lowest serratures 
glandular.—The common or white willow, when suffered to 
grow without lopping, becomes a large and lofty tree. It is 
quick of growth, and when lopped soon decays. The trunk is 
straight with a gray rough barkfull of cracks. Branchesnume- 
rous, upright but diffused, gray or brownish green, the upper 
ones often dusky red. Male catkins cylindrical, blunt,from 
an inch and a half to two inches in length; stamens two ; 
nectaries two, one before the stamens obcordate, the other 
behind them oblong. Female catkins slender, cylindrical, 
two inches long.—Native of Europe. It flowers in April 
and May, and the capsules ripen in June. It loves a moist 
and open situation. The wood is white, light and tough. 
The bark will tan leather, and dye yarn of a cinnamon 
colour. The inner bark has afforded a miserable substitute 
for bread to the necessitous inhabitants of Kamtschatka. 
The wood is used for poles, stakes, hoops, &c. Cattle will 
feed on the leaves. The Arabs distil their celebrated 
Calaf water from the catkins of any species in which they 
are fragrant. They use this water as a cooling beverage, or 
as a febrifuge. 
53 Salix tetrasperma, or four-seeded willow.—Leaves 
broad-lanceolate acuminate serrulate, smooth above, whitish 
below.—Trunk errect but short, as thick as a man’s body; 
with a large and very branching head; the branchlets are 
rod-like. Male catkin filiform; its peduncle often leaf¬ 
bearing, issuing from the dry smooth brown involucre-like 
scales of the bud. Female catkins shorter than the male. 
This is the only species of willow yet found in India. It 
is a middle-sized tree, growing on the banks of rivulets and 
in moist places far among the mountains. It flowers in the 
cold season. 
Propagation and Culture. —All the sorts of willows 
may be easily propagated by planting cuttings or sets, 
either in the spring'or autumn, which readily take root, and 
are of a quick growth. Care must betaken to keep them clear 
from weeds the two first seasons, by which time they will 
have acquired so much strength, as to overpower and keep 
down the weeds; they will also require some trimming in 
winter to take off any lateral shoots, which, if suffered to 
grow, would retard their upright progress. 
There are great tracts of land in England fit for this pur¬ 
pose, which at present produce little to the owners, and 
might, by planting of these trees, turn to good account. The 
larger wood, if sound, is commonly sold to turners for many 
kinds of light ware. . 
The sallows are commonly planted in cuttings made from 
strong shoots of the former year, about three feet long; these 
are commonly thrust down two feet deep into the ground, 
and are one foot above it. The cuttings should be placed 
about five feet row from row, and two feet asunder in the 
rows. 
The best season for planting osier-grounds is February; 
for if they are planted sooner, they are apt to peel, if it 
proves a hard frost, which greatly injures them. These plants 
are always cut every year, and, if the soil be good, they 
will produce a great crop, so that the yearly produce of one 
acre has been sold for fifteen pounds, but ten pounds is a 
common price; so that it is great pity these plants are not 
more cultivated, especially upon moist boggy soils, upon 
which few other things will thrive. 
In order to raise a bed of oziers, the ground being pro¬ 
perly dug over or ploughed, cuttings must be procured; 
they should be two feet and a half long, a foot and a half to 
be thrust into the ground, and the other foot to remain for 
the stool: put them in at two feet distance every way. The 
first summer the weeds must be kept under, and the next the 
tallest must be cut down. In three years the sets should all 
be cut down to the first-planted head. There will then 
be a regular quantity of proper stools for an annual crop 
of twigs, which will be worth five or six pounds an acre 
for the basket-maker. 
In osier-holts they commonly mix with the true osier, 
the sallow, the long-shooting green willow, the crane 
willow, the golden willow, the silver willow, the welsh 
wicker, &c., for different purposes of the basket-maker. 
The osier, in low moist situations, may be cultivated, on 
a small scale at least, with great advantage to every farm, 
for binders, thatching rods, hurdles, edders, stakes, rake 
and scythe-handles, &c., and for poles and rails of almost 
any length. 
Nothing answers better against brooks, where the water 
and bank are not a complete fence of themselves, than the 
net-work fence of willows or sallows, provided it can be 
kept from cattle till it has sufficiently established itself. 
Truncheons of live willow make excellent posts in new 
inclosures, as they will often take root and grow, and there¬ 
fore will not rot, nor be subject to the depredations of wood- 
stealers. 
SALKELD, Great, a parish of England, in Cumber¬ 
land, on the banks of the river Edon; 5§ miles north-east 
of Penrith. 
SALKELD, Little, a hamlet of England, half a mile 
from Great Salkeld. On the summit of a hill in the neigh¬ 
bourhood, there is a circle of stones, 77 in number, each of 
them 10 feet high ; and before them, at the entrance, stands 
a single one 15 feet high. They are thought to have been a 
Druidical work, and are called by the country people, Long 
Meg and her Daughters. Within the circle are two heaps 
of stones, under which dead bodies are supposed to be 
buried. 
SALLAD. See Sallet. 
SALLAND, an inland district of the Netherlands, form¬ 
ing the south-west part of the province of Overyssel. It 
contains several towns and villages, among which are De¬ 
venter, Campen, Zwolle, &c. 
SALLE, La, a town in the south of France, in Langue¬ 
doc, department of the Gard. It has manufactures of wool¬ 
len 
