588 £ A ] 
miles; and then, exposing it to the air, it has kept good for 
several weeks.” 
The salmon has a large red liver; hut it is not good to 
eat, being fat, and having a taste of train-oil. The stomach 
goes down to the middle of the belly: the intestinal canal 
has at its beginning about seventy appendages or caecums, 
which are united by a membrane; in this canal is commonly 
found a kind of solitary worm, three feet long ; whose head 
is in one of the appendages; and this worm was found 
living, by Bloch, in a salmon that had been dead for three 
weeks. The air bladder which lies along the spine of the 
back, is not divided. The ovaries of a salmon of 201bs. 
have been found to weigh 2| ounces, and to contain 27,850 
eggs of a red colour, not larger than poppy-seed. It has 36 
vertebrae, and 33 ribs on each side. 
“ It would be worth while,” says Bloch, “ to make the 
experiment, whether the salmon might not be transported 
into our (the Prussian) lakes. As they can pass the winter 
in some of the lakes of Ireland, it is likely they might thrive 
in such of ours as have clear water, with a sandy bottom, 
and communicating with some stream. Even if they would 
not breed there, still much advantage might be gained by 
transporting them, as salmon is often at 5s. a-pound. As it 
would be necessary to choose a large lake, there would be 
plenty of provision ; but the safest way would be to throw 
in some gudgeons, which delight in running streams.” 
The above account relates chiefly to the female salmon; 
for, according to Bloch, the difference between the male and 
female salmon is so great, as to require to be separately de¬ 
scribed. The head is much longer, and resembles the snout 
of a hog. The upper jaw is in the form of a bow at the 
sides; it ends in a point, and protrudes beyond the lower: 
and within, towards the end, it has a hollow, wherein the 
hook of the lower jaw shuts close; for the under jaw, in the 
males, has a large hook, or turned-up production, which is 
gristly and moveable : and were it straight, would make the 
lower jaw much the longest. The palate has two rows of 
teeth; but, in the female, there is only a single tooth here 
and there. In the male also, the head is ornamented with 
many round yellow and brown spots; but in the female 
only one, which is on the covering of the gills. In the 
male, the sides are marked with a great number of black 
spots of irregular figures; in the female, they are fewer, and 
mostly lunate. The males have also, near the belly, several 
spots of yellowish red or copper-colour, which are not on 
the female: the male, therefore, has in German, the name of 
upperlacks, or copper-coloured salmon. In the males, the 
tail-fin is more deeply forked than in the females, being- 
lunate. 
The Illanken, given by Gmelin as a variety, is by many 
considered as a distinct species. It is a large beautiful fish, 
and resembles the salmon more than the salmon-trout, but 
it is only a fresh water fish, belonging to the lake of Con¬ 
stance. They go to a distance to spawn ; from the lake of 
Constance, whose waters are fresh, they pass to the Upper 
Rhine; setting out in April, and returning to the same lake 
in September or October; a journey of sixty or seventy miles, 
but which they require three or four months to perform. 
The back is of a dark blue colour; and the sides above 
the lateral line a light blue; below the lateral line it is of a 
silvery white. The scales are small, though the fish is pretty 
large. The head is in proportion to the size of the body, in 
which it differs from the salmon, which has a small head. 
When the fish is two years old, the under jaw ends in a 
blunt hook ; and then it is called rheinanken, inlanken, or 
illanken, though it is scarcely half a foot in length. There 
are ten rays in the membrane of the gills, fourteen in the 
pectoral fins, eleven in the ventral, twelve in the anal, twenty- 
one in the tails, and twelve in the dorsal. 
The head is wedge-shaped ; the jaws are armed with sharp 
crooked teeth, most of '’tVhich are loose ; there are two rows 
in the upper jaw; the palate, mouth, and tongue, are also 
furnished with them. The front and cheeks are marbled 
grey and black ; under the snout it is blackish ; there are two 
, m a 
nostrils ou each side, or rather the nostril is divided by a 
membrane. The eyes are large, being each twelve lines in 
diameter; the iris is quite silvery, the pupil black. The back 
is of a dark blue; the sides light blue, as far as the lateral 
line, and silvery below it. Here and there, especially near 
the tail, are some longish black spots of irregular figures; 
but, as the ground-colour is darkish likewise, the spots can¬ 
not be seen, unless you are near the fish; on the body there 
are neither red spots nor prickles. The rays of the fins are 
strong, with many ramifications, and are mostly of a grey 
colour; but the dorsal and tail-fins are blue. The tail, 
which is shaped like a shovel, has small furrows, and is com¬ 
monly edged with black. The adipous fin is strong, large, 
and thick; it is also without spots, blackish only at the sides; 
in other parts grey. 
The greatest enemy to the illanken is the pike; he follows 
him as far as Feldkirk, where they are often caught together 
in the same net: a pike, not half or even a quarter so big as 
one of these will attack it; and, taking advantage of its 
own superior activity, swims round him till he has an oppor¬ 
tunity of piercing his belly, which he tears with his teeth. 
If the illanken can defend itself, the pike falls a victim ; and 
the wound, if not very large, heals of itself; an illanken is 
seldom taken without a scar on its belly. 
The illanken lives on fish, worms, insects, and carrion; 
they are particularly fond of grayling, so that fishermen say 
they do more harm than good in the lake, though they are 
esteemed as food themselves. 
The interior conformation is nearly the same with the rest 
of this genus; what seems peculiar to this is, that the stomach 
extends to the middle of the belly; the intestinal canal, 
where it quits the stomach, has sixty-eight appendages, in 
four row's of seventeen each. The vertebrae are fifty-seven; 
and the ribs thirty-three on each side. 
Bloch affirms this fish to be the salmo lacustris of Lin¬ 
naeus ; but Cepede considers the salmo lacustris the same 
with the salmo trutta, or salmon-trout. 
2.SalmoSchiefermulleri.—The Specific Character of this fish 
is, that the low»er jaw is the longer, and that the body is 
marked with black spots. The head is pointed ; the iris 
of a silvery yellow; the palate and tongue toothed; the 
lateral line is black, in the middle of the body ; the fins 
brow-n, mixed with blue; the ventral fin has an appendage; 
and the tail is forked. 
This species is found in the Baltic, and in the different 
lakes of Austria. They are taken in fresh water as well as 
salt; and thence it is supposed they are carried by inunda¬ 
tions into the lakes. The silver salmon, which is taken in 
the Wippre, and on the shores of the Baltic, in Prussia, 
weighs about lSlbs., and is better tasted than the other sal¬ 
mon taken thereabouts. In those parts it is taken in summer 
and in autumn: but in Austria, only in May; and there it 
is called Mayforelle, May-trout. It is a well tasted fish in 
that country; but probably does not multiply very fast, as 
they are not caught in great abundance; so that Marsigli 
and Kramer, who have described the fish of that country, do 
not even mention them. It is a voracious fish, as may be 
seen by its teeth. 
The cavity of the belly is long; the liver is small, and 
yellowish, consisting of two lobes; the gall-bladder is thin 
and small; the stomach is long; and goes as far as the pec¬ 
toral fin; the rest of the intestinal canal has a straight direc¬ 
tion; and is continued as far as the anal fin The membrane 
of the air-bladder is thin; the ovary and roe are double. 
3. Salmo eiox, or the grey salmon.—Specific Character. 
Cinereous spots on the body, tail even. Twelve rays in the 
membrane of the gills, 14 in the dorsal and pectoral fins, 10 
in the ventrals, 12 in the anal. 
Inhabits the European seas; is much less than the salmon 
and the flesh paler, but ascends rivers like it. Head more 
sloping and shorter than the salmon ; body above the lateral 
line deep grey with purplish spots ; belly silvery. 
4. Salmo trutta, or the salmon-trout.—This species is 
distinguished by the black spots which cover the head and 
body 
