SALMO. 
Inhabits the lakes and rivers of Siberia. Two feet long * 
is fat, and the flesh red and tender. Body roundish, com¬ 
pressed, above brown, beneath scarlet, the fore-part reddish- 
white. Head slightly compressed; front and gill-coverts 
grey; iris greenish; snout conic, obtuse; teeth in the palate 
and jaws in a double arch; tongue broad, toothed. Dor¬ 
sal fin grey, with dirty-red ocellate spots, the fleshy one 
brown, long-; pectoral paler; ventral and anal deep scarlet; 
tail forked; reddish-brown. Eggs yellow. 
7. Salmo Gaedenii, or the sea-trout.—Specific Character. 
Head small, red spots in a white ring on the body. There 
are 10 rays in the membrane of the gills, 15 in the pec¬ 
toral fins, 10 in the ventrals, 11 in the anal, 18 in the tail, 
and 12 in the back. 
The body is long and much thinner than the other trouts. 
The opening of the mouth is large; the jaws and root' of the 
mouth are armed with sharp teeth. The eyes are large, 
having a black pupil in a silvery iris. The cheeks, cover¬ 
ings of the gills, the sides, and the belly, are silver-coloured. 
The aperture of the gills is large. The back, front, tail, 
and fins, are brownish. The dorsal fin is ornamented with 
brown spots; the tail is forked. The lateral line has a straight 
direction, and runs rather nearer to the back than to the 
belly. The anus, as in most of the trout kind, is near the 
tail-fin; and the ventral fin has an appendage. 
This fish is found in the Baltic; they are common at 
Rugenwald in Lower Pomerania; and grow to a foot and 
a half long, weighing from one to two pounds. The flesh 
is white, but lean, yet well tasted. It is called the silver 
trout, silver forelle, in the places where it is caught. It is 
not at all known in England, being first described by Bloch, 
who received it from Counsellor Gseden, of Lower Pome¬ 
rania. 
8. Salmo hucho, or the German trout.—Specific Cha¬ 
racter. Two rows of teeth on the palate; body, and all the 
fins except the pectorals, spotted with black. Twelve rays 
in the membrane of the gills, 17 in the pectoral fins, 10 in 
the ventrals, 12 in the anal, 16 in the tail, and 13 in the 
dorsal. 
The snout ends in a point; the upper jaw protrudes a 
little beyond the lower; each jaw has a row of sharp teeth, 
and the palate and tongue have two. The head is brown 
above, silvery on the throat and cheeks; on the sides, the 
colour is silver mixed with red. The lateral line is faint and 
straight. The anus is near the tail, which is forked. The 
ground-colour of all the fins is yellowish; but, according to 
Marsigli, they are red while the fish is young. 
This fish is found in Bavaria and Austria, in all the great 
lakes, and even in the Danube. It is said also to inhabit the 
Lake of Geneva, and to grow very large. This is supposed 
by Cepede to be the species which inhabits the Lake of 
Morat, and passes thence by the Thiole into the Lake of 
Neufchatel; it is called salut. The body of the hucho is 
long, and very fleshy. It grows to the length of four or 
five feet, and wall sometimes weigh 701bs. or even 100; in 
this, and its black spots, it resembles the salmon, but it is 
distinguished from it at first sight by its long body. It feeds, 
like the other trouts, on small fish; but the flesh is soft, 
and not so well tasted as the trout, so that it is much less 
esteemed. If we may rely on Marsigli, it spawns in June, 
which is the case with no other fish of this genus: it spawns 
at the bottom, on rough stones. This fish is found in all 
the rivers of Siberia. The largest which Falck had seen 
was three feet and a half long: they often ascend the large 
streams to pass into the smaller rivers, where they are taken 
in great numbers in nets. 
9. Salmo lacustris, or the lake trout.—Specific Character. 
Minute black spots on the body, a longitudinal groove in 
the belly, tail forked. It inhabits the fresh-water lakes of 
Switzerland, Norway, and Siberia, and grows to a vast 
size. 
10. Salmo carpio, or the gilt char.—Specific Character. 
Five rows of teeth in the palate. There are 12 rays in the 
membrane of the gills, 14 in the dorsal and pectoral fins, 
10 in the ventrals, and 30 in the tail, which is forked. 
591 
This is a small species. The lower jaw is the longest, with 
eight punctures on each side. The sides and belly silvery, 
with little white spots; black spots on the back, red ones on 
the lower fins; the adipous fin not edged with red. This 
species says, Beckman, “isfound chiefly in the Lago di 
Garda, the ancient Lacus Benacus, on the confines of Tyrol. 
The oldest account of this fish is to be found in works of the 
sixteenth century, such as the poems of Pierius Valerianus, and 
in Jovius de Piscibus. According to Linnasus, it is found in 
the rivers of England, but that is false. This celebrated na¬ 
turalist suffered himself to be misled by Artedi, who gives the 
char or chare, mentioned by Camden in his description of 
Lancashire, as the Salmo carpio. Pennant, however, by 
whom it is not mentioned among the English fish, says ex- 
ressly, that the char is not the carpio of the Lago di Garda, 
ut rather a variety of the Salmo Alpinus.” 
11. Salmo Alpinessa, or the red char.—Specific Character. 
Back black, sides pale blue, belly orange ; tail truncate. 
There are ten rays in the membrane of the gills, 14 in the 
pectoral fins, 8 in the ventrals, 12 in the anal, 24 in the tail, 
and 13 in the dorsal. 
The head terminates in a blunt point. The pupil $f the 
eye is black, in a silver iris, with a circle of gold. The 
body is covered with very minute scales; the dorsal fin, 
which is yellow, has some black spots ; and there is a narrow 
appendage to the ventral fin. The back is greenish,'the belly 
white. The lateral line is straight; the anus is near the tail. 
All the fins except the dorsal, are reddish; and the adipous fin 
is red at the extiemity. 
This species is very properly denominated the Alpine char 
by Linnaeus; for its constant residence is in the lakes of the 
high and mountainous parts of Europe. A few are found 
in some of the lakes in Wales, and in Loch Inch, in Scotland, 
from which last it is said to migrate into the Spey to spawn. 
Seldom however, does this species venture.into any running 
stream ; its principal resort is in the cold lakes of the Lapland 
Alps, where it is fed by the innumerable larvae of gnats that 
infest those dreary regions. When'the Laplanders migrate to 
the distant lakes during summer, they find a ready and luxuri¬ 
ous repast in these fishes ; which to them are extremely pala¬ 
table without any sauce; accustomed to temperance, and ex¬ 
ercise, these hardy natives are independent [of the inventions 
of epicurism. This species is also found in Siberia, in the 
Tabel and the Tom, and the rivers which run into them. 
But the largest and most beautiful chars are found in the lake 
of Winander-Mere, in Westmoreland, where there are three 
species, the red, the gilt, and the case, char. These kinds are 
nearly similar in their external appearance; but the time and 
manner of their spawning are so different, as to afford room 
fortheir specification into three distinct species. The case- 
char spawns about Michaelmas, and chiefly in a river that 
runs into the lake called the Brathy. The spawning season 
of the gilt char is from the beginning of January to the end of 
March: they never ascend the river; but make choice of a 
springy part of the lake, where the bottom is smooth and 
sandy. The manner of taking these fishes is with nets, or 
trammels, as they are called, which are furnished with bait to 
allure the fish, and left set for several days, till they are known 
to enter them. 
Linnaeus wonders, and with reason, what those trout can 
live upon that inhabit the mountains; as, being constantly 
covered with snow and ice, they offer neither plants, insects, 
nor other fish. 
12. Salmo saloclinus, or the German lake trout.—Specific 
Character. Ventral and anal fins red, with the first ray white 
and stiff. There are 10 rays in the membrane of the gills, 14 
in the pectoral fins, 9 in the ventrals, 12 in the anals,24in the 
tail, and 13 in the dorsal. 
The head is compressed at the sides; the aperture of the 
mouth is wide; the jaws with small sharp teeth; and, when 
the mouth is shut, the upper advances a little beyond the 
under; the tongue is cartilaginous, loose, and, as well as 
the palate, furnished with two rows of sharp teeth ; the nos¬ 
trils are placed between the eyes and the edge of the mouth, in 
the middle; the eyes have a black pupil and silvery iris; the 
cheeks 
