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cheeks are silvery, as well as the covering of the gills; the 
head is brown at- top, and the back is of the same colour. 
The body is ornamented with round spots of an orange-co¬ 
lour edged with white. The lateral line is faint, and goes 
along the middle of the body. The ground-colour of the 
sides is white, and of the belly orange-colour. But the colours 
vary according to the quality of the water; for in clear cold 
water, the flesh is firmer and the colours more bright. In 
the Konigsee, the belly is yellowish, the spots on the sides 
extremely pale, and the fins reddish only; those in the Ober- 
see have brighter col ours; but those in the Hintersee are the 
handsomest, for the belly is of a fine yellow, and the fins a 
brilliant red. The anus is near the tail; the tail and dorsal 
fins are brown ; there is an appendage to the ventral fin, and 
the tail is bifurcated. 
This species is natural to the south of Europe. It is found 
in lake St. Bartholomew in Bavaria, in lake Traun in Austria, 
and in all the lakes which extend between the mountains from 
Sal|zburg to Hungary between Austria and Styria. It com¬ 
monly weighs about 21bs., but sometimes asmuch as six, and 
one was taken some time since which weighed ten. Falck 
says it grows to the length of two feet or two feet and a half; 
it is found in all the large rivers of Siberia, and the small 
ones which run into them. It is not known in England. 
Most of this species spawn in December; though some 
spawn as early as October and November, while others do not 
begin till January. 
This is a voracious fish, as the multitude of teeth testify. 
They love a clear cold water, and die soon after they are 
taken out. The male has the brightest colour on the belly; 
and in general they are handsomest while young, though the 
quality of the water contributes greatly to this, as remarked 
before; for the cleaner the bottom, and the more streams 
that run into the lake, the brighter are the yellow and red 
colours of this fish. There are 58 vertebrae, and 38 ribs on 
each side. 
13. Salmo salmarinus, or the Italian lake trout.—Specific 
Character. Back tawny with yellow spots; tail forked. This 
is found in the cold stony rivers and lakes of Italy. Proba¬ 
bly a variety of thelast. 
14. Salmo umbla, or the umbel.—Specific Character. Late¬ 
ral line turned up, no spots on the body, tail forked. There 
are 15 rays in the pectoral fins, 9 in the ventrals, 18 in the 
tail, and 11 in the dorsal and anal. 
The head is small; the upper jaw a little longer than the 
lower, which has two rows of small sharp teeth, the upper 
jaw only one. The covering of the gills is two thin whitish 
lamillae; the aperture is large. The cheeks are greenish, 
mixed with white; the nape is a darkish green. The pupil 
of the eye is black, surrounded by an orange-coloured iris 
edged with silver. The belly is whitish; the back greenish. 
All the fins are short, and of a yellowish-green colour; the 
tail is forked. The scales are so small and delicate, as to be 
scarcely half a line in diameter, so that they are hardly per¬ 
ceived through the viscous matter which covers them. 
This species is found in abundance in the lake of Geneva; 
also in that of Neufchatel, though but seldom. They com¬ 
monly weigh from a pound to a pound and a half; and live 
on the shell-fish, snails, and small fish. It is very fat, yet 
is more delicate than the trout, consequently more esteemed, 
and dearer; particularly in summer, because then but rarely 
caught. A guinea was asked for one at Geneva in the sum¬ 
mer of 1786. In winter, being plenty, they are sent to 
Lyons, and even to Paris. 
“ 15. Salmo taimen, or the taimen.—Specific Character. 
Body brownish, with darker spots; tail forked. In the 
dorsal fin 12 or 13 rays, in the pectorals 15 to 18, in the 
ventrals and anal 10. 
This and the four following were first described by Pallas. 
The present species inhabits the rivers and streams of Si¬ 
beria which run into the Frozen Sea. The body is fat, 
round, compressed towards the tail, a little silvery at the 
sides, beneath white; half a yard long; flesh white. The 
head long and fat; the snout a little depressed; teeth 
hooked; lower jaw a little longer. Dorsal fins brown; 
ventrals whitish, with an appendage; anal very red; tail 
dusky-red. 
16. Salmo nelma, orthenelma.—Specific Character. Co¬ 
lour silvery white; head very long; lower jaw much the 
longest; tail forked. Ten rays in the membrane of the gills, 
in the dorsal fin 13, 14 in the anal. This inhabits the 
larger rivers of Siberia, and attains a length of two yards. 
Scales large. The pupil of the eye is oblong; iris silvery; 
the snout a little depressed, with broad laminae near the 
aperture of the mouth. 
17. Salmo lenok, or the lenok.—-Pale gold, with a few 
brown spots; above reddish, beneath yellowish. In the 
dorsal fin 12 or 13 rays, 16 in the pectorals, 10 in the ven¬ 
trals, 12 in the anal. 
Resembles the tench. Inhabits the rapid and stony rivers 
of the mountains of Siberia, and is chiefly found near water¬ 
falls ; about a yard long. Body broad and thick; flesh 
white. Eyes small, angular on the fore-part, iris silvery. 
Dorsal fins spotted; pectorals pale yellow; ventrals red¬ 
dish, with an appendage; anal deep red; tail reddish-brown, 
bifid. 
18. Salmo kundscha, or the kundscha.—Silvery with 
white dots; tail forked. Eleven rays in the membrane of 
the gills, in the dorsal fin 11 or 12, 14 in the pectorals, 9 
in the ventrals, 10 in the anal. 
Inhabits the bays of the Arctic seas, and does not ascend 
rivers; two feet long. Resembles Salmo eriox, or grey salmon, 
except that the tail is forked. Body above and beneath the 
lateral line bluish. Iris yellow-silvery. Fleshy fin small, 
serrate; ventrals with a scaly appendage. 
19. Salmo Arcticus, or the Arctic trout.—-Silvery, with 
four rows of brown dots and faint lines on each side ; tail 
forked. Nine rays in the membrane of the gills, 18 in the 
dorsal fin, 16 in the pectorals, 10 in the anal. 
Inhabits the stony rivulets running into the Arctic sea; 
about a finger’s length; resembles a young grayling. Head 
hardly compressed; front flat, with three longitudinal ridges; 
snout rounded, the jaws nearly equal; iris silvery. 
20. Salmo stagnalis, or the Greenland trout.—Above 
brownish, beneath white; body roundish; upper jaw long¬ 
est. Twelve rays in the membrane of the gills, 14 in the 
dorsal and pectoral fins, 10 in the ventrals and anal, and 21 
in the tail. 
This species inhabits the remoter mountainous rivers of 
Greenland; above seventeen inches long. Body long, grow¬ 
ing slender towards the tail, and not spotted; flesh white. 
Head large, oblong-oval, compressed; snout rather pointed; 
tongue long, nearly obtuse, and like the jaws toothed at the 
edge; palate with three rows of crowded teeth; teeth strong, 
curved, very sharp. Gill-coverts large, smooth, double; 
lower fins hoary, white at the base. Pectoral fins a little 
longer than the dorsal; talil slightly forked, large; fleshy fin 
falcate, rounded at the tip; rays of the dorsal two inches 
long, and nearly equal. 
21. Salmo rivalis, or the small Greenland trout.—Body 
long, brown; belly reddish; head obtuse. Inhabits the 
muddy rivers and stagnant waters of Greenland; hardly six 
inches long; body smooth, mucous, spotted with black, 
beneath dirty-red ; resembles the gilt char, but is longer and 
more slender, and the head is more obtuse; feeds on insects^ 
Scales small; iris flame-colour. 
22. Salmo stroemii, or the Danish trout.—Dorsal and ven¬ 
tral fins edged with white. This inhabits the muddy waters 
of Denmark. Is probably the same with the Salmo mulleri, 
and is so considered by Cepede. 
23. Salmo lepechini, or the Russian trout.—The upper 
jaw a little prominent; back brown, small black spots in 
circles of red on the sides; belly flame-colour. Eleven rays 
in the membrane of the gills, 9 in the dorsal and ventral 
fins, 14 in the pectorals, 12 in the anal, and 20 in the 
tail. 
Inhabits the stony rivers of Russia and Siberia; resembles 
the red char; eight inches long ; scales small; flesh reddish 
and firm. Head large, compressed, above greenish; eyes 
large, iris yellow; cheeks silvery; jaws with firm sharp 
teeth 
