s, a : 
teeth, curved inwards, the lower with sixty. Dorsal fin 
dusky, with large square spots, the others flame-colour. 
24. Salmo silus, or the snub-nosed trout.—Brown, with 
yellowish fins; vent very, near the tail-fin; scales large, shin¬ 
ing. In the membrane of the gills 6 rays, 12 in the dorsal 
fin, 17 in the pectorals, 14 in the anal, 13 in the ventrals, 
and 40 in the tail. 
Head broad and flat; jaws nearly equal; back convex, 
belly flat; the anal fin is just opposite the adipous dorsal. 
Length more than two feet. Inhabits, the north sea. 
25. Salmo albus, or the white trout.—Upper jaw long¬ 
est ; tail forked and black; lateral line straight; a silvery 
stripe along each side. Eleven rays in the dorsal fin, 13 in 
the pectorals, 9 in the ventrals and anal. 
This species during the summer comes from the sea into 
the rivers of Great Britain. It has two rows of teeth in the 
upper jaw, one in the lower; six teeth on the tongue. The 
back is varied with brown and white; dorsal fin reddish. 
26.. Salmo varius, or the variegated trout.—Tail forked; 
body and tail very long; head and opercula scaly like the 
back; a longitudinal red stripe with black dots upon each 
side, under which the body is alternately yellow and black; 
fins varied black and red. Twelve rays in the membrane of 
the gills, 10 in the dorsal, 14 in-each pectoral, 8 in each 
ventral and.the anal, and 19 in the tail. 
This and the three following were first described by Ce- 
pede. The present species was observed by Commerson 
about the shores of the Isle of France; it is not often met 
with; length eight inches or thereabouts. The colours are 
very various, and elegantly mixed. The brownish tints of 
the back are set off by red spots, and heightened by the red, 
yellow, and black of the two stripes on the sides, and the red 
and black of the fins. The under part of this fish is whitish. 
The irides are flame-colour, shining like carbuncles amidst 
the dark shades of the head.. The head is shaped like that 
of a snake; the gape is very wide; teeth in the upper jaw 
sharp, but distant; in the lower crowded; the lower jaw is 
rather longest, the upper not moveable; there are teeth like 
recurved spines on the tongue, which is very short and hard; 
and a few smaller teeth in the palate. The upper rim of the 
orbit of the eye is near the top of the head. The gill-covert 
is in two pieces; vent near the tail-fin; lateral line nearly 
straight. 
27. Salmo renatus, or the blue-spotted trout (Cepede ).— 
Nine or ten large blueish spots upon the lateral line; tail 
forked; jaws nearly equal; nostrils double. Twelve rays in 
the membrane of the gills, 10 in the dorsal fin, 13 in the 
pectorals, 9 in each ventral and the anal, and 25 in the tail. 
In the Moselle, and especially near the mouths of that 
river, a species of Salmo has been caught which in Lorraine 
they used to call rene, or born-again. It has two rows of 
teeth on the tongue, and three in the palate. The top of 
the head and upper surface of the body, as well as the dorsal 
and tail fins, are of a dark colour: the under surface, and 
the rest of the fins, white or whitish. 
28. Salmo Rilla, or the Rille trout (Cepede). —Jaws equal; 
small red spots and smaller black ones on the body; two 
black spots upon each gill-covert. Thirteen rays in the 
membrane of the gills, 14 in the dorsal fin and each pec¬ 
toral, 9 in each ventral and the anal, and 35 in the tail. 
Seldom larger than a herring. It inhabits several rivers, 
and especially the Rille, which runs into the Seine near its 
mouth. This species has often been confounded with the 
young of the salmon, which has led to very erroneous ideas 
as to its manners and conformation. But some have gone 
farther, and pretended that the rilla never had either milt or 
ova, being produced from the spawn of certain salmon 
which had both, and thus united the two sexes. Hence a 
double error; for, 1st, there are no hermaphrodite fish, or 
fish which contain at once both milt and ova; 2dly, the 
rilla is not void of the means of producing. For the follow¬ 
ing description, Cepede owns himself indebted to Citizen 
Noel, of Rouen:— 
The head of the rilla is small; the eye pretty large; both 
jaws and the tongue armed with small teeth. The opercu- 
Vol. XXII. No. 1525. 
- M O. 593 
lum is in three pieces; the lower rim of the upper piece some¬ 
what crenellated. The lateral line is straight. The scales 
are oval, very small, and close together. The back is olive 
green; sides whitish, mottled with grey; the belly white. 
Reddish dots on the dorsal fin. The roe is large, double, 
firm to the touch, and very white. The flesh is very white, 
well-tasted, and soft. The vertebra are 60 in number, a 
sufficient mark to distinguish this from the salmon. It pre¬ 
fers cold waters, like the trout, which it resembles in many 
respects. 
29. Salmo gadoides, or the whiting trout (Cepede ).— 
Mouth very wide, lower jaw the longest; body grey, mar¬ 
bled, with red spots on the adipous fin, and red and brown 
spots on the back. Eleven rays in the membrane of the 
gills and in the dorsal fin, 13 in each pectoral, 9 in each 
ventral, 8 in the anal, and 20 in the tail. 
It grows to the length of more than afoot. The form of the 
head resembles the Gadus tribe, and especially the whiting. 
30. Salmo Cumberland, or the Cumberland trout (Ce¬ 
pede). —Tail furrowed; jaws equal, two rows of small 
pointed teeth in each, and one row of sharp teeth in the 
middle of the palate; red dots along the lateral line. Ten 
rays in the membrane of the gills and in the dorsal fin, 8 in 
each pectoral and the anal, 9 in each ventral, and 28 in 
the tail. 
Inhabits the lakes of Cumberland and Scotland: but has 
escaped the attention of our countryman Pennant, and all 
other writers, according to Citizen Noel, who observed it 
while in England, and communicated the following account 
of it to Cepede:—The head is small; the lateral line straight; 
the eye is large, and near the end of the snout. The mouth 
opens wide; the tongue is partly loose, and armed with two 
rows of teeth. The scales small; the adipous fin long. Pre¬ 
vailing colour white; back grey. Flesh white, but not very 
well tasted. 
II.—Dorsal and anal fins opposite. 
31. Salmo eperlanus, or the smelt.—Specific Character. 
Head diaphonous, lower jaw^ the longest, 17 rays in the anal 
fin. There are 7 rays in the membrane of the gills, 11 in 
the pectoral fins, 8 in the ventral, 19 in the tail, and 11 in 
the dorsal. 
The smelt is nearly transparent; it shines bright, present¬ 
ing successively the green, blue, and white, with which it 
is ornamented. The body is round, and becomes thinner 
towards the tail and towards the head; so that in shape it 
resembles a spindle. The head is small, ending in a blunt 
point. The eyes are large and round ; pupil black, iris sil¬ 
ver-colour inclining to blue. The under jaw is bent; the 
upper straight; both, as well as the roof of the mouth, fur¬ 
nished with teeth, which bend inwards; there are also four 
or five teeth on the tongue. The body, which seldom ex¬ 
ceeds two or three inches in length, is covered with small 
silvery scales, which easily rub off. This fish is so trans¬ 
parent, that the parts of the brain may be discerned, and 
the vertebra and ribs may be counted. The back is round, 
and of a grey colour; on the sides, the ground-colour is 
silver, varied with tints of green and blue. The belly is 
also round, and of a white colour inclining to red. If these 
colours are agreeable to the eye, the odour of this fish is by 
no means so to the smell.—All the fins are of a grey colour; 
the'tail is forked; the adipous fin is opposite to the anal, and 
the dorsal is in the middle of the body. 
This fish is common in the lakes of Germany which have 
a sandy bottom ; and, as it haunts the deepest places, it is 
seldom taken but in spawning time, which happens in March, 
when they quit the deep places, and go in shoals into the 
rivers, where they lay their spawn on the sand at the bottom. 
They multiply much, are very plentiful in Sweden and 
England, and live on worms and little snails. They die 
soon after they are out of the water. The flesh is not very 
easy of digestion; yet with us they are esteemed good food. 
The stomach in this species is very small; there are from 
four to six appendages to the intestinal canal. The air- 
bladder is single, and pointed at both ends; the ovary also 
7 M is 
