S A L M G. 
597 
appendages; as the nutritious juice is long detained in the 
small intestines, and there is properly prepared, it. is hence 
easy to conceive how this fish may become so fat though the 
intestinal canal be so very short as not even to be the length 
of the fish. Though the marena dies soon after it is entirely 
out of the water, it may, however, be transported from one 
water to another with proper precautions. The following 
rules are to be obser ved in transporting them: 1. As they soon 
die when kept out of the water, vessels full of water should be 
ready to put them into the moment they are taken out of the 
net; and care must be taken not to squeeze them, or even to 
throw them in; they should be handled as gently as pos¬ 
sible. 2. The water should be so deep, that the summer’s 
heat may not penetrate to the bottom ; and the bottom should 
be sand or chalk. 
44. Salma marsenula, or the small marena.-—The pro¬ 
trusion of the under jaw, and 14 rays in the anal fin, are the 
distinguishing marks in this species. There are 7 rays 
in the membrane of the gills, 15 in the pectoral fins, 11 
in the ventrals, 20 in the tail, and 10 in the dorsal. 
The head, which ends in a point, is semi-transparent and 
of a brownish-red colour. The nostrils are near the eyes; 
the mouth is toothless; the under jaw bent, narrower and 
longer than the upper; the tongue is gristly and short. The 
pupil of the eye is black, surrounded with a silver-coloured 
iris. The cheeks are silver; and all the body is of the same 
colour, except the back, which is blueish. The lateral line, 
whioh is near the back, is straight, and ornamented with fifty- 
eight black dots. The scales, which, according to Richter, 
are in number 1750, are thin, silvery, and easily rub off. 
AH the fins aTe of a whitish grey; and the tail, which is 
forked, is edged with blue. The whole fish is commonly six 
or eight inches long, and an inch or an inch and a half 
broad, and half an inch thick; and weighs from two ounces 
to two and a half; but some run as far as ten inches long. 
This fish is found in the Marches, in Silesia, Prussia, Po¬ 
merania, Mechlenburg, Sweden, and Denmark, in lakes 
with a sandy or clayey bottom. They live in shoals, but 
sn the deepest places, and only appear in spawning-time, 
which is about St. Martin’s day, November 11: at this time 
they seek out places covered with herbage to deposit their 
spawn. It is only at that time, and in winter under the ice, 
that they can be taken. They increase fast ; but die soon 
after they are out of the water. They feed on weeds, in¬ 
jects, and worms: but are themselves cruelly persecuted by 
rapacious fish and water-fowl. The flesh is white, tender, 
and well tasted. At Morin and Joachimsthal they smoke 
them in tubs like herrings, after sprinkling them with beer; 
in other places they barrel them up also like herrings. 
The interior parts are the same as in the other species of 
salmon, except that the eggs are smaller: 39,000 have been 
counted in one fish. The vertebrae are fifty-eight in number; 
the ribs sixteen on each side. 
This species may be put in ponds, using the same precau¬ 
tions as recommended in transporting the preceding species. 
45. Salmo Wartmanni, or the blue-fish.—The blue co¬ 
lour of this species, and the upper jaw truncate, are the 
marks that distinguish it from the other salmon. This species 
was not in Linnaeus’s system; and, as Dr Wartmann is the 
first author who has exactly described it, Bloch and Gmelin 
adopted it under his name. There are nine rays in the 
membrane of the gills, 17 in the pectoral fins, 12 in the 
ventrals, 14 in the anal, 23 in the tail, and 15 in the 
dorsaL 
The head is small, and of silver colour, as is the belly 
below the lateral line; the jaws are of equal length; the 
mouth is toothless. The apertures of breathing and smell¬ 
ing are near the eyes; the pupil is black, in a silvery iris. 
The front, the back, and the sides as far as the lateral line, 
are blue, and this colour gradually sinks into white as it 
approaches the belly. The pectoral, anal, and ventral, 
fins, have a yellow ground; the dorsal and tail are whitish; 
all with a broad blue border; the ventral fin has an ap¬ 
pendage. Not far from the anal fin is tire navel, and the 
¥ol. XXII. No. 1525. 
tail-fin has a crescent-shaped furrow. This is a species of 
the broad thin salmons. The scales are very small on the 
breast and above the pectoral fins, as well near the tail; 
on the rest of the body they are much larger than in the 
other species of salmon. The lateral line has a direct 
direction, and has many black dots. 
This species is found in many of the Swiss lakes, par¬ 
ticularly in the lake of Constance, where they are taken in 
great quantity. The first year, this fish is an inch and a 
half to two inches long; three or four the second; five to 
seven the third; eight or nine in the fourth; thirteen in the 
sixth; and fourteen to seventeen in the seventh. It then 
takes its name of blue-jish , having a different name for 
every previous year. They spawn in December; the spawn¬ 
ing-time lasts a week. This fish generally haunts the deep¬ 
est places; but deposits its spawn on the inequalities of the 
bottom, and then returns to its hole, where it remains till 
spring. They multiply considerably; and are, in a small 
degree, to the fisherman of the lake of Constance what 
the herring is, in a greater, to the northern countries, f From the 
month of May till the autumn many millions of them are 
taken, which are sent into the cantons of Switzerland and 
to foreign parts. In summer, from twenty to fifty boats 
set off every evening for this fishery; the smaller ones 
have two men on-board, the larger four. The nets are sixty 
or seventy fathoms long; for the fish are generally found at 
the depth of more than fifty fathoms; yet during a storm 
or a heavy rain, they will rise within twenty, or perhaps 
ten fathoms of the surface; the more tempestuous the weather, 
and the more troubled the water, so much the more abund¬ 
ant is the fishery. Each boat generally returns with two or 
three hundred fish. But, when the weather begins to get 
cold, they retire into holes one or two hundred fathoms 
deep; and, as no net can reach them at that depth, 
there are but few caught at that time. In Switzerland, there 
was a law before the revolution, (and which probably 
still subsists,) forbidding the fishing for the small fry, or 
those of only a year or two old ; but at three years growth 
they fish for them when they leave their holes in the spring; 
and they sell on the spot at from three to five florins a-hun- 
dred, or even ten florins, if the fishery has not been plentiful: 
(a florin is about 2s. sterling.) They are reckoned the best 
fish the lake of Constance produces. They are exported 
in pickle, either fresh, or previously boiled; then they are 
put up in casks: thus they send them to Augsburg, ! Ulm, Ratis- 
bon, Vienna, Leipsic, Strasburg, Frankfort, Lyons, Paris, 
See. In autumn the blue-fish of three years growth takes a 
reddish tinge; and, as this is supposed to be owing to disease, 
they are not eaten at that time. In December, the time of 
spawning, the fishery begins afresh; but at that time they 
are not so tender as in summer. They live on weeds, 
worms, insects, and fischhrooi, a kind of sea-wrack. Their 
enemies, besides the voracious fishes, are the tench, which 
devour their eggs. This species is not hardy; but dies soon 
after it is taken out of the water. The stomach is hard, 
narrow, and has many appendages. The liver is large; 
the gall green; the air-bladder undivided, and lying along 
the back. 
46. Salmo oxyrhinchus, or the sharp-nosed salmon.— 
Specific Character. Upper jaw longest, and conical. In the 
membrane of the gills 9 rays, -13 in the dorsal fin, 17 in 
the pectorals, 12 in the ventrals, and 14 in the anal. In¬ 
habits the North Atlantic Ocean. It has no teeth; lateral 
line bent at its origin; scales large; colour whitish. 
47 Salmo vimba, or the Swedish salmon.—Specific Cha¬ 
racter. Adipous fin serrate in a small degree. The dorsal fin 
has 12 rays, the pectorals 16, the ventrals 10, anal 14. In¬ 
habits the rivers of Sweden. 
48. Salmo leucichthys, or the Caspian salmon.—Specific 
Character. The upper jaw very broad, entire, and shorter 
than the lower, which ascends, and is tuberculate at the end. 
There are 10 rays in the membrane of the gills, 15 in the 
dorsal fin, in the pectorals and anal 14 each, ventrals 11, 
tail 27. 
7 N 
Inhabits 
