632 S A N 
the year 1611, however, he was recalled to Padua, by an ap¬ 
pointment to the professorship of the theory of medicine in 
that university; an office which he immediately undertook, 
and gave lectures to a large concourse of auditors for the space 
of thirteen years. His professional reputation was now so 
high, that he was frequently sent for to Venice by the peo¬ 
ple of distinction in that city ; and, finding his health 
impaired by the fatigue of these journies, he resigned his 
chair at Padua, in order to dedicate all his time to medical 
practice. His resignation was accepted, but the gratuity was 
continued; and with this testimony of the public esteem, he 
removed and settled finally at Venice. He had already 
attained the age of sixty-three, and lived twelve years in the 
enjoyment of reputation and emolument at Venice, where he 
died in 1636, at the age of seventy five. He was buried 
in the cloisters, and a statue of marble raised to his memory 
in the church of a religious order in that city. He bequeathed 
an annuity to the college of physicians at Venice, who, in 
gratitude for the gift, instituted an annual oration to com¬ 
memorate his benevolence. 
Sanctorius first called the attention of physicians to the 
function of cutaneous and pulmonary transpiration, the im¬ 
portance of which in the animal economy he demonstrated 
by proving the extraordinary proportion of substance, or 
weight, which was lost in the course of twenty-four hours 
by this insensible exhalation. By weighing the quantity of 
ingesta, that is, of the solid and liquid substances taken into 
the body within this given period, and also the sensible and 
ponderable discharges which were emitted within the same 
space of time, he found that “ the insensible transpiration 
alone was wont to exceed considerably all the sensible dis¬ 
charges put together.” (De Statica Medicina, Sect. I. aph. 
4.) He calculated, in fact, that “ if the meat and drink in one 
day amounted to eight pounds, the insensible transpiration 
usually constituted about five pounds;” (Aphorism 6.) and 
Of this he estimated that about half a pound passed off 
from the lungs by respiration. (Aph. 5.) In another place, 
he estimates these more specifically; asserting, that “ in the 
space of one night, about sixteen ounces of urine, four of 
digested matter by stool, and forty or more insensible per 
•spiration, are usually discharged.” (Aph. 59.) And that 
“ in many persons as much is evacuated in one natural day 
by insensible perspiration, as in the course of fifteen days by 
the bowels.” (Aph. 60.) He also states, “ I have found 
the insensible perspiration to be about forty ounces in seven 
hours, during sleep ; but only twenty while awake.” (Aph. 
20 . sect, iv.) 
It is natural, when any new function or action is dis¬ 
covered, to ascribe to it immediately a great influence in the 
common operations of the system, which we have hitherto 
been able to explain imperfectly; and accordingly Sancto¬ 
rius referred most of the deviations from health to irregu¬ 
larities and impediments in this insensible perspiration. He 
affirms Inhis42d aphorism, that “ the first symptoms of dis¬ 
eases are more surely detected from a change in the perspi¬ 
ration than from disorder of the functions and he has 
drawm up many aphorisms, detailing the causes, internal and 
external, by which the perspiration is deranged, as well as 
the effects which follow this derangement, and especially the 
retention of the perspirable matter. From these views he 
regulated the principles both of diet and medicine, and the 
modes of preserving the health, and curing diseases. 
There are many sound observations among the aphorisms 
of Sanctorius, and he conferred a benefit on medical science 
by directing the observation of medical men to the functions 
of the skin, but unfortunately, the doctrines were extended 
much too far; and, coinciding with the mechanical princi¬ 
ples, which were coming into vogue after the discovery of the 
circulation, as well as with the chemical notions, which were 
not yet exploded, they contributed to complete the establish¬ 
ment of the humoral pathology, under the shackles of which 
the practice of medicine continued so long. 
The treatise of Sanctorius, entitled “ Ars de Statica Medi¬ 
cina,” was first published, in a small duodecimo, in 1614, 
at Venice; but it had subsequently passed through more 
SAN 
than twenty editions, including translations, with various 
commentaries. The Latin style of Sanctorius is elegant and 
perspicuous. He published some other works: viz. “ Me- 
thodi vitandorum Errorum omnium, qui in Medicina con- 
tingunt, Libri xv.” Ven. 1602; of which a Geneva edition 
of 1631, comprised also an essay “ De Inventione Medio- 
rum.” “ Commentaria inprimam Fen. primi Libri Canonis 
Avicennae,” 1625. “ Commentaria in primam Sectionem 
Aphorismorum Hippocratis,” 1629 ; And “ Commentaria 
in Artem Medicinalem Galeni,” 1613. All his works were 
collected, and published together in four volumes, 4to. at 
Venice, 1660. 
Sanctorius was the author of several inventions. Besides 
his statical chair, by which the quantity of food taken was 
weighed, he invented an instrument for measuring the force 
of the pulse; and several new instruments of surgery. He 
was the first physician who attempted to measure the heat of 
the skin by a thermometer, in different diseases, and at dif¬ 
ferent periods of the same disease. And he was an avowed 
enemy to empirics and empirical nostrums, as well as to all 
occult remedies. See Eloy, Diet. Hist de la Med. and 
Sanctorii Ars de Stat. Medicina. 
To SA'NCTURIZE, v. a. To shelter by means of sacred 
privileges. Not in use. —No place indeed should murder 
sancturize. Shakspeare. 
SA'NCTUARY, s. [sanctuarium, Lat.] A holy place ; 
holy ground. Properly the penetralia, or most retired and 
awful part of a temple. 
They often plac’d 
Within his sanctuary itself their shrines. Milton. 
A place of protection ; a sacred asylum : whence a sanc¬ 
tuary man, one who takes shelter in a holy place. 
Oft have I heard of sanctuary men ; 
But sanctuary children, ne’er till now. Shakspeare. 
Shelter; protection.—What are the bulls to the frogs, or 
the lakes to the meadows ? Very much, says the frog; for he 
that’s worsted will be sure to take sanctuary in the fens: 
Id Estrange. 
Sanctuary denotes an asylum, or place privileged by 
the prince for the safeguard of mens’ lives, who were guilty 
of capital crimes. 
In Scotland, they call the sanctuary girtholl, or gyrthot. 
The Saxons, also call it frodmortel, and fridstoll. 
Till Henry VIII. all our churches and church-yards were 
sanctuaries; and protected persons accused of any crime 
(except treason, in which the crown, and sacrilege, in which 
the church was too nearly concerned), who fled to them; 
and who, within forty days after, went in sackcloth, and 
confessed themselves guilty before the coroner, and declared 
all the particular circumstances of the offence; and who 
thereupon took the oath in that case provided, viz., that they 
abjured the realm, and would depart from thence forthwith, 
at the first port that should be assigned them, and would 
never return without leave from the king: by this means 
they saved their lives, if they observed the conditions of the 
oath, by going with a cross in their hands, and with all con¬ 
venient speed, to the port assigned, and embarking; for if, 
during these forty days’ privilege of sanctuary, or in the road 
to the sea-side, they were apprehended and arraigned in any 
court for this felony, they might plead the privilege of sanc¬ 
tuary, and had a right to be remanded, if taken out against 
their will. But by this abjuration their blood was attainted, 
and they forfeited all their goods and chattels. During this 
time, if any layman expelled them, he was excommunicated; 
if a clerk, he was made irregular; but after forty days no man 
might relieve them. 
The immunity of these privileged places was very much 
abridged by the statutes 27 Hen. VIII. cap. 19. and 32 Hen. 
VIII. cap. 12. And now, by the statute 21 Jac. I. cap. 20, 
all privilege of sanctuary, and abjuration consequent there¬ 
upon, is utterly taken away and abolished. 
St. John’s of Beverley had an eminent sanctuary, called 
by the Saxons, a seat of peace: so had St. Martin’s-!e-Grand, 
in London.. Ripon had the like granted by Whitlase, king 
of 
