SAN 
of the Mercians: so had St. Burien’s, in Cornwall, granted 
by king Athelstan, anno 936 ; and Westminster had the like, 
granted by Edward the Confessor. 
Sanctuary is also used, in the Romish church, for the 
chancel, or that part of the church in which the altar is 
placed, encompassed with a rail or balustrade. 
SANCTUM SANCTORUM, or Holy of Holies, is 
supposed by the Jews to be a type or figure of heaven, and 
of Jesus Christ the true high-priest, who is ascended thither 
to make intercession for us. 
Some will have it, that the whole temple was called the 
sanctuary: and that the sanctum sanctorum, where the ark 
was kept, was only a little chapel or oratory in it. 
SAND, s. [j'anb, Saxon ; sand, Dan. and Dutch.] Par¬ 
ticles of stone not conjoined; or stone broken to powder. 
Hark, the fatal followers do pursue! 
The sands are number’d that make up my life; 
Here must I stay, and here my life must end. Shakspeare. 
Barren country covered with sands. 
Her sons spread 
Beneath Gibraltar to the Lybian sands. Milton. 
SAND, in Mineralogy. The name of sand is given to 
all mineral matter that exists in minute detached grains, and 
is denominated from the prevailing substance, as siliceous 
sand, iron sand, &c. Sand is generally formed from the 
disintegration of hard stones or rocks by the agency of water, 
and the particles of siliceous stones, possessing a greater 
degree of hardness than most other kinds. The greatest part 
of the sand which exists on the sea-shore, or is spread on the 
surface of the earth, is siliceous. Argillaceous stones, or cal¬ 
careous stones intermixed with alumine, when reduced to 
minute parts, form a kind of paste or mud by intermixture 
with water, the particles uniting or cementing together as 
the mixture becomes dry. When a bed of siliceous sand¬ 
stone rises to the surface, the particles become separated by 
the action of the atmosphere and other causes, and form a 
loose sandy soil; sometimes so destitute of mixture with 
other earths, as to be entirely unfit for vegetation. There 
are also certain regular beds of sand above and below chalk- 
rocks on the eastern side of our island, which, wherever they 
rise to the surface, form sandy tracts, as at Woburn, in Bed¬ 
fordshire. 
A bed of perfectly transparent and crystalline sand was 
found at Neuilly, in France, each grain of which, when 
examined with a lens, was a perfect six-sided prism, termi¬ 
nated by two six-sided pyramids. The sands at Greil, at 
Nevers, and Etampes, and other parts of France, are so pure, 
as to be employed in the glass manufactory of St. Gobelin. 
Some of the sands of Egypt contain also numerous micro¬ 
scopic crystals, particularly of sapphires; some perfectly 
transparent, and others as green as emeralds. Sand, prin¬ 
cipally composed of siliceous earth, is employed for divers 
important uses. Mixed with quick-lime, it forms mortar. 
In the fabrication of pottery-ware, a certain quantity of 
siliceous sand is necessary to give it consistence, and to 
enable it to stand the action of fire. The further vitrifica¬ 
tion that the silex undergoes communicates a degree of hard¬ 
ness and solidity which pottery could not otherwise acquire. 
Siliceous sand is an article of prime importance in the manu¬ 
facture of glass. When pure, it forms the basis of the most 
beautiful transparent flint and crown-glass. 
To SAND, v, a. To force or drive upon the sands.—Tra¬ 
vellers and seamen, when they have been sanded or dashed 
on a rock, for ever after fear not that mischance only, but all 
such dangers whatsoever. Burton. 
SAND, a large village of Germany, in Franconia, on the 
Maine, near Zeil. It has 1500 inhabitants, who maintain 
themselves chiefly by making baskets and other plaited wares, 
of such neatness, that they are in request not only in Germany, 
but in Russia. 
SAND-BAGS, in the Military Art, are bags of earth or 
sand, used in fortification. 
The smaller sand-bags hold about half a cubical foot of 
Vol. XXII. No. 1528. 
SAN 633 
dearth, and serve to be placed upon the superior talus of the 
parapet, to cover those that are behind, who fire through 
the embrasures, or intervals, which are left betwixt them. 
SAND-BATH, in Chemistry. See Chemistry. 
SAND-BOX TREE, in Botany. See Hura. 
SAND r EEL. See Ammodytes. 
SAND-FLOOD, in Agriculture, a term signifying the 
covering of land with sandy materials, either by winds or 
the overflowing of rivers. The first is a sort of disaster in¬ 
cident to the lands of Suffolk, and some other parts of the 
kingdom, which are sometimes covered with vast quantities 
of sand, rolling upon them like a deluge from sandy hills in 
their neighbourhood. 
SAND-GAVEL, a payment due to the lord of the manor 
of Rodley, in the county of Gloucester, for liberty granted 
to the tenants to dig sand for their common use. 
SANDA, a small island of Scotland, on the coast of the 
peninsula of Kintyre, near the Mull of Kintyre, and belong¬ 
ing to the parish of Southend. It is about a mile and a 
half in length, and half a mile in breadth, and is famed for 
having been the place of rendezvous for the Danish fleets, 
during their expeditions to the western coast. There are two 
small islands on the east side, well calculated for sheep 
pasture; and about a league to the south of it is a dangerous 
sunk rock, about a mile in circumference, called Paterson’s 
rock. Upon Sanda are the remains of an old chapel, dedi¬ 
cated to St. Columba. 
SANDA, a small island of the Hebrides, separated from 
Canna, which is 12 miles south-west of Skye, by a narrow 
strait, covered at high water. It is of a tolerable soil, and 
possesses a good harbour. 
SANDA, a town of Hindostan, province of Sinde, 
situated on the south bank of the Goonee river. It is a large 
and populous town, and the country in the vicinity well 
cultivated. Lat. 25. 6. N. long, not ascertained. 
SANDABADA, in Ancient Geography, the name of one 
of the rivers of India which discharged themselves into the 
Indus. Ptolemy. 
SANDAKAN BAY, a bay on the east coast of the island 
of Borneo. Lat. 5. 42. N. long. 118. 20. E. Opposite to 
it is an assemblage of islands, the most easterly of which is 
remarkable for the great plenty of green turtle. 
SANDAL, s. [sandahum, Lat.; o-avdocXiov, Gr.] A rich 
kind of slipper, worn on the feet, made of gold, silk, or other 
precious stuff, used by the Roman and Greek ladies; con¬ 
sisting of a sole, with a hollow at one extreme to embrace the 
ankle, but leaving the upper part of the foot bare. 
Terence speaks of this sandal, “ Utinam tibi commitigari 
videam sandalio caput:’’ I wish she would break your head 
with her sandal. 
Apollo was sometimes called Sandaliarius, sandal-maker; 
the reason of which appellation has given great perplexity to 
the critics. Some derive it from a street called Sandaliarius, 
chiefly inhabited by sandal-makers, in which that god had a 
temple;,but others, with mere probability, derive the name 
of the street from that of the god, and take Apollo to have 
been thus called from his effeminate dress, as if he wore 
women’s sandals. 
Sandal is also used for the shoe or slipper worn by the 
pope, and other Romish prelates, &c., when they officiate; 
being such as is supposed to have been worn by St. Bartho¬ 
lomew. 
Alcuin observes, that there was some difference between 
the sandals of bishops, priests, and deacons. Monks were 
not allowed to wear sandals, except in travelling; as is ob¬ 
served by Du-Cauge, Salmasius, &c. 
Sandal is also the name of a sort of slipper still worn by 
several congregations of reformed monks. 
It consists of no more than a mere leathern sole, fastened 
with latches or buckles, all the rest of the foot being left 
bare. 
The Capuchins wear sandals; the Recollects, clogs; the 
former are of leather, the latter of wood. 
SANDAL, a hamlet of England, West Riding of York¬ 
shire, near Doncaster.' 
7 Y SANDAL- 
