SAN 
grained granular rocks, there is no difficulty in admitting 
that quartz, or felspar alone, may form rocks of a similar 
kind, which is known to be the fact. The highly crystal¬ 
line sandstone occurring amongst the rocks called secondary, 
may be classed with the preceding, and called crystalline 
sandstone. There are other sandstones which are, in a con¬ 
siderable degree, crystalline, but contain also fragments and 
water-worn pieces of other rocks: these must be regarded as 
partly of mechanical formation. The third kind of sand¬ 
stones contains smooth rounded pebbles, and fragments 
united by a friable cement: such sandstones have evidently 
been formed mechanically from the sand and materials of 
former rocks cemented together. It might, perhaps, be pro¬ 
per to call such rocks tertiary, as some geologists have pro¬ 
posed. Sandstone is generally distinctly stratified, and some 
kinds which contain a considerable quantity of mica split 
into thin laminae, which are used for slates in some parts of 
England, particularly in the West Riding of Yorkshire. 
Siliceous sandstones frequently contain organic remains; 
but these are principally of vegetables, and the substance of 
the plant is entirely penetrated with silex. 
Sandstone forms a very considerable part of rocks deno¬ 
minated secondary, and generally alternates with beds of 
coal and shale in coal districts. 
The lowest of the principal beds of sandstone has been 
called by Werner, and the German geologists, the old red 
sandstone. It generally rests on rocks of slate or grey- 
wacke, and is covered by thick beds of lime-stone. It is 
frequently coarse-grained, consisting of particles of quartz, 
and sometimes of felspar, cemented by iron-shot clay, that 
gives it the red colour from which its name is derived. 
According to many geologists, the red sandstone, which 
extends on the western side of England, from Penrith in 
Cumberland to Shropshire, belongs to this formation. 
The number and variety of sandstones in the secondary 
strata, are very great; and the diversity of quality fits them 
for the various purposes of building-stones, grind-stones 
filtering-stones, &c. 
SANDTOWN, a village of the United States, in Glouces¬ 
ter county, New Jersey ; 13 miles south-south-east of Phila¬ 
delphia. 
SANDTOWN, a township of the United States, in Rock¬ 
ingham county, New Hampshire; 29 miles west-south-west 
of Portsmouth. Population 504. 
SANDVLIET, a small town and fortress of the Nether¬ 
lands, in the province of Antwerp, on the Scheldt. Popu¬ 
lation 1100; 11 miles north-north-west of Antwerp. 
SANDVOE, a bay on the north coast of the island of 
Shetland. Lat. 60. 53. N. long. 1. 47. W. 
SANDUSKY RIVER, a river of the United States, in 
Ohio, which runs north-east into Sandusky bay, at the town 
of Sandusky, in Lat 41. 40. Ni long. 82. 30. W. Length 
70 miles. This river is navigable, and is connected with the 
Great Miami by a portage of 9 miles, and with the Scioto by 
one of 4 miles. The river has rapids, below which there is 
a very valuable fishery. Bordering. upon this river are the 
Sandusky Plains, which are extensive tracks of champaign 
and almost perfectly level country, a great part of which is 
destitute of trees, and in the summer covered with grass five 
or six feet high. 
SANDUSKY, a town of the United States, in Huron 
county, Ohio, on the south shore of Sandusky bay ; 3 miles 
from its entrance; 25 miles north-east of Fort Stephenson. 
It was handsomely laid out in 1817, on a beautiful situation ; 
and a steam-boat wharf has been erected. 
SANDUSKY, Lower, a township of the United States 
in Ohio, on the river Sandusky, a few miles from its 
mouth; 115 miles north of Columbus. 
SANDUSKY, Upper, a post township of the United 
States, in Delaware county, Ohio, on the river Sandusky; 
40 miles south of Lower Sandusky. 
SANDUSKY LAKE, or Bay, at the south-western side 
of Lake Erie; 20 miles long, and 24 broad, is a gulf shaped 
like a shoe, and entered from the lake by a very short and 
SAN 639 
narrow strait. From the north-west part of this lake there is 
a passage of only a mile and a quarter to Portage river, a 
small river which runs into Lake Erie. The fort stands 
opposite to the gulf. Lat. 41. 51. N. long. 83. 3. 30. W. 
SANDWICH, a market, borough, and sea-port town of 
England, in the county of Kent, one of the Cinque Ports, 
and formerly a place of considerable trade and business, but 
now much decayed, on account of the choaking up of its 
harbour with sand. It stands on the river Stour, about two 
miles from the coast, where that river falls into the sea between 
the North and South Foreland. The situation, and the 
country to a considerable distance around the town, is ex¬ 
tremely low and flat. The town is very irregularly built, and 
has the appearance of greater age than any other town per¬ 
haps in the county. The streets and lanes are mostly narrow 
and incommodious; but considerable improvements have 
taken place under the act of 1787, for new paving, lighting, 
and cleansing them. Great part of the walls of the town 
still remain, and, till of late years, five gates of entrance were 
standing also, which have now, however, been all pulled 
down, except the Fisher-gate opening towards the water. 
Near it is the bridge, with a drawbridge in the centre. Sand¬ 
wich contains three parish churches, viz., St. Clement’s, St. 
Peter’s, and St. Mary’s, corresponding to the three parishes 
into which it is divided. St. Clement’s is a spacious build¬ 
ing, consisting of a nave, chancel, and aisles, with a mass¬ 
ive tower of Norman architecture, rising from four semi¬ 
circular arches in the centre of the building, and support¬ 
ed on strong piers. The nave is separated from the aisles by 
pointed arches, and has a cieling of oak planks. St. Peter’s 
church appears to be the work of different periods; part of it 
is of considerable antiquity; but the tower and south aisle 
having fallen down in 1661, were rebuilt soon after that 
period, chiefly with the old materials. St. Mary’s church is 
a large building, consisting of a nave, chancel, and north 
aisle: the south aisle has been destroyed. Southward of 
this church formerly stood a chapel, dedicated to St. Jacob, 
or rather perhaps St. James : it is now demolished, but the 
cemetery continues to be used as a burial place. Sandwich had 
formerly a priory on a large scale, which was suppressed in 
the reign of Henry VIII. Two of the hospitals, St. Thomas’s 
and St. Bartholomew’s, still remain. The latter was founded 
in the 12th century. The buildings belonging to it occupy 
a large plot of ground, of a triangular form, and are adapted 
to accommodate 16 residents. Of the other public build¬ 
ings in the town, the guild-court hall was built in 1679, and 
consists of two stories, the lower of which is the court hall, 
and the upper the council chamber. The free grammar 
school was founded by subscription in the reign of Elizabeth, 
chiefly through the exertions of Sir Robert Manwood, then 
recorder of Sandwich, and afterwards chief baron of the ex¬ 
chequer, who bequeathed to it a considerable endowment in 
lands, for its perpetual support. Several other individuals 
have contributed large donations for the same purpose. 
Sandwich has also a charity school, founded about the year 
1711, in which 30 boys and a like number of girls are edu¬ 
cated. The town is supplied with water from the Stour, and 
a small stream which is conveyed into the town by a canal 
about three miles long, called the Delf, which was formed 
under letters patent of Edward I. In sinking, however, into 
the ground, in all parts round the town, a plentiful stream of 
fine water rises from under a stratum of flint, 40 or 50 feet 
deep. Though the haven of Sandwich has much declined, 
and is now little more than the outlet of the Stour, the ex¬ 
ports and imports are considerable. The exports consist of 
corn, grain, flour, seeds, hops, wool, malt, apples, pears, 
leather, oak-bark, ashes, &c. The imports are grocery, 
furniture, linen, woollen, and other shop goods from Lon¬ 
don; iron, plank, spars, timber, lead, coals, salt, wine, 
spirits, glass, grindstones, &c. from Wales, Scotland, Sweden, 
Norway, and the Baltic. Ship-building, rope-making, &c. 
are carried on in the town. Sandwich was first incorporated 
by Edward III. by the style of the mayor, jurats, and com¬ 
monalty of the town and port of Sandwich. The charter 
under 
