711 
SAXIFRAGA. 
several times reprinted; the best edition is that of Paris, 
2 vols. 4to. 1757. 
SAXEGOTHA, a village or settlement of the United 
States, in South Carolina, on the south bank of Congaree 
river. 
SAXELBY, a parish of England, in Lincolnshire; 6 
miles north-west of Lincoln. Population 450. 
SAXENBURG, an island in the South Atlantic ocean, 
discovered by John Lindestz, a Dutchman, in 1670. Lat. 
30. 45. S. long. 20. W. 
SAXHAM, Great and Little, two adjoining parishes 
of England ;' 5 miles west-by-south of Bury St. Edmund’s. 
SAXI, sometimes spelt Sassi (Joseph Anthony), an Ita¬ 
lian writer in ecclesiastical history, was born at Milan in the 
year 1673. He was educated to the ecclesiastical profession, 
and for some time taught the belles-lettres in his native city. 
He afterwards discharged the duties of a missionary. In 
1703, he was admitted a doctor of the Ambrosian college at 
Milan, and eight years afterwards he was appointed director 
of that college, and of the library attached to it. He died 
about the year 1756. He was author of many theological, 
historical, and chronological works, of which the titles of the 
following may be mentioned; “ Epistola ad Card. Quirium 
de Literatura Mediolanensium,” 4to. “ De Studiis Medio- 
lanensium Antiquis et Novis." “ Archiepiscoporum Medio¬ 
lanensium Series critico-chronologica.” “ Historia Geta- 
rum.” Some of the works of Saxi have been inserted in 
the collection “ Rerum Italicarum Scriptores,” by Muratori. 
SAXIFRAGA [q. sax a frangat; because several of the 
species grow in the fissures of rocks], in Botany, a genus of 
the class decandria, order digynia, natural order of succu- 
lentte; saxifragas (Juss.) —Generic Character. Calyx: pe¬ 
rianth one-leafed, five-parted, short, acute, permanent. Co¬ 
rolla: petals five, spreading, narrow at the base. Stamina: 
filaments ten, awl-shaped. Anthers roundish. Pistil: germ 
roundish-acuminate, ending in two short styles. Stigmas 
blunt. Pericarp : capsule subovate, two-beaked, two-celled, 
opening between the points. Seeds numerous, minute.— 
Essential Character. Calyx five-parted. Corolla five- 
petalled. Capsule two-beaked, one-celled, many-seeded. 
I.—Leaves undivided ; stem almost naked. 
1. Saxifraga cotyledon, or pyramidal saxifrage.—Root- 
leaves aggregate, tongue-shaped, cartilaginous-toothed, stem 
anicled, leafy, calyxes glandular-hairy. Panicle very much 
ranched, many-flowered. Petals spotted, sometimes with¬ 
out spots. There are numerous varieties of this species. Bar¬ 
rel ier has figured five. 
2. Saxifraga aizoon, or marginated saxifrage.—Root- 
leaves aggregate, tongue shaped, cartilaginous-toothed, stem 
simple, racemed, leafy, calyxes smooth. This differs from 
the preceding, in having a racemose, leafy stem, and a 
smooth calyx.—Native of the Alps. 
3. Saxifraga mutata, or saffron-coloured saxifrage.—Root- 
leaves aggregate, tongue-shaped, at the edge cartilaginous, 
repand, stem racemed, leafy, calyxes glandular-hairy, pe¬ 
tals linear-lanceolate. This has the appearance of being a 
hybridous or male plant. Flowers large.—Native of the 
mountains of Switzerland, Carniola and Italy. 
4. Saxifraga Pennsylvanica, or Pennsylvanian saxifrage. 
—Leaves oblong-lanceolate, somewhat hairy, toothletted, 
peduncles alternate, corymb-capitate. Root perennial, fi¬ 
brous. Leaves seven or eight inches long, and two broad 
towards the top, of a deep green and thick consistence, 
spreading near the ground. Stem a foot and half high, 
naked, branching at top in form of a panicle, and sustain¬ 
ing very small herbaceous flowers, collected into little heads. 
—Native of North America. 
5. Saxifraga hieracifolia.—This resembles the preceding, 
but is distinct in its manner of flowering. The leaves are 
smooth on both sides, very finely ciliate at the edge, with 
short jointed hairs. Stem a foot high, naked, pubescent. 
Peduncles four or six together alternately, and supported by 
a lanceolate bracte. The upper flower subsessile and more 
clustered.—Native of the Carpathian mountains. 
6. Saxifraga androsacea.—Leaves lanceolate, blunt, hairy, 
stem three inches in height, naked, two-flowered. It is a 
very small plant, and its short, blunt, villose, entire leaves 
resemble those of androsace villosa, whence Linnaeus's tri¬ 
vial name. Petals small and whitish.—Native of Switzer¬ 
land, Austria, Dauphine, Piedmont, and Siberia. 
7. Saxifraga cassia.—Root creeping, long, branched, co¬ 
vered with brown scales. Tufts very close, formed of hard, 
oblong, acute leaves, bent downwards at the end, glaucous. 
Stem four inches high, bearing one, three or five nnlk-white 
flowers, with round petals marked with lines. There is a 
variety from the high jnountains of Italy, the stem of which 
is double the size of the other, hirsute and viscid.—Native 
of the Alps and Pyrenees, Austria and Monte Baldo. 
8. Saxifraga burseriana.—It has the appearance of a small 
sedum. Leaves like those of juniper, closely imbricate, 
smooth. Stem scarcely a finger’s length, glutinous, with 
three or four alternate, linear leaflets. Flowers milk-white, 
with pale lines. It has a variety with five-flowered stems 
and fastigiate flowers.—Native of Carinthia. 
9. Saxifraga sedoides.—Stem very much branched, fili¬ 
form, depressed. Leaves aggregate, linear, even. Peduncle 
often one flowered, more seldom two or three-flowered. 
Flower superior.—Native of Carinthia: it varies much in its 
habit, height and leaves. 
10. Saxifraga tenella.—Leaves lanceolate, ciliate at the 
base, imbricate, stem almost naked, few-flowered, calyxes 
mucronate.—Native of the mountains of Carinthia. 
11. Saxifraga bryoides, or bryum saxifrage.—Leaves, lan¬ 
ceolate, mucronate, cartilaginous at the edge and ciliate: 
stem-leaves five or six, alternate, tender. Stem pubescent. 
Flowers one or few. Petals pale yellow, with tawny or 
orange spots.—Native of the Alps and Pyrenees, Austria, 
Carniola, Dauphine, and Piedmont. 
12. Saxifraga bronchialis.—Runners oblong, imbricate, 
in clusters. Leaves flat, spiny-ciliate. Stem high, almost 
naked, with a few very small mucronate leaves, even at the 
edge, many-flowered.—Native of Siberia. 
13. Saxifraga stellaris, starry or hairy saxifrage or kidney- 
wort.—Roots perennial, long, fibrous, crowned with flat 
stellate tufts of obovate leaves, hairy above, paler and 
smooth, sometimes purple beneath, pointed and grossly ser¬ 
rate towards the end. From each tuft arises one naked stem, 
rooting a little at the base, from two to six inches high, 
erect, divided at fop into a sort of corymb or panicle of 
from three to seven or nine flowers, each on a separate pe¬ 
dicel, having a lanceolate, entire, or sometimes trifid bracte 
at the base. Calyx reflexed.—Native of the mountains of 
Spitzbergen, Lapland, Switzerland, Styria, Dauphine, Pied¬ 
mont, Siberia, and Britain. In our northern counties, West¬ 
moreland, Cumberland, Lancashire, Yorkshire; in Wales, 
and in Scotland, abundantly, on the black turfy margins of 
rills. 
14. Saxifraga crassifolia, or thick-leaved saxifrage.—Root 
superficial, black, scaly, with the relics of dead leaves, the 
thickness of a finger or thumb, round, sending down filiform 
fibres from the lower surface. Stems from the axils of the 
leaves of the year preceding, at the tops of the roots, alternate, 
very short, almost upright, covered with the sheaths of the 
leaves, quite simple, but branched in autumn. Leaves three 
or four, alternate, obovate-oblong, veined, a span long, 
flat, coriaceous. Scape or peduncle terminating, solitary, 
erect, a span high, the thickness of the little finger, very 
smooth, almost naked, many-flowered. Panicle naked, 
blood-red, composed of pedate racemes. Flowers inferior, 
drooping, pedicelled. The root is white within, and very 
styptic or astringent when chewed. The stem changes every 
year into root; that which flowers one year losing its leaves 
during the winter, turning to the ground, becoming black, 
and putting forth fibres. After the plant has flowered, the 
stem puts forth branches from the axils of the leaves, which 
have the panicle of flowers for the next year included in 
their gems. When the flowers fade they turn blue,—Native 
of Siberia. 
15. Saxifraga nivalis, snowy or clustered Alpine saxifrage 
or 
