SCAB 
nial, oblong, blackish, near the thickness of the little finger, 
often growing obliquely, stumped at the lower end so as to ap- 
•pear as if bitten off (whence its trivial name), and furnished 
with long whitish fibres. Stem from a foot to eighteen inches 
in height, upright, branched at top, round, rough with hair, 
and often of a reddish colour; the branches each bear one 
flower. Root-leaves ovate, entire, blunter than the others 5 
stem-leaves lanceolate, dark-green, rather coriaceous, harsh 
and hairy. Flowers in nearly globular heads. Calyx hairy. 
Corolla violet or dark purplish blue, varying to flesh-coloured 
and milk-white.—Native of Europe, in pastures: flowering 
from August to the end of October. The flowers not only 
vary in colour, but also double. 
10. Scabiosa integrifolia, or red-flowered annual scabious. 
—Leaves undivided, root-leaves ovate serrate, branch-leaves 
lanceolate, stem herbaceous. Root annual.—Native of Ger¬ 
many, Switzerland, the south of France, and the county of 
Nice. 
11. Scabiosa amplexicaulis, or blue-flowered annual sca¬ 
bious.—Leaves embracing, lanceolate, quite entire, root-leaves 
trifid crenate. Stem a foot high, rugged, branchiate. Panicle 
dichotomous. Peduncles very long. Corolla blue. Calyx 
the length of the corolla.—It is not known from what 
country it comes. 
12. Scabiosa humilis, or humble scabious.—Scales of the 
calyx obtuse, leaves linear, tooth.pinnatifid.—Native of the 
Cape of Good Hope. 
13. Scabiosa decurrens, or decurrent-leaved scabious.— 
Scales of the calyx ovate.-—-This also is a native of the Cape. 
14. Scabiosa Tatarica, or giant scabious.—Leaves lanceo¬ 
late pinnatifid, lobes subimbricate. This rises with a strong 
branching stalk four or five feet high, closely armed with 
stiff prickly hairs; lower leaves spear-shaped, about seven 
inches long, and near four broad in the middle, deeply cut 
on the sides; stem-leaves more entire, those at the top linear 
and entire. Flowers from the sides and at the top of the 
stalks white, and each sitting in a bristly calyx. Root bien¬ 
nial.—Native of Tartary. 
15. Scabiosa arvensis, or field scabious.—Root perennial, 
long, spindle-shaped, mostly branched, running deep into 
the ground. Stem from a foot to near a yard in height, 
branched, rough with bristles, which rather point downward, 
toward the bottom spotted with dark purple. Branches 
spreading, each terminated by a single flower, composed of 
very numerous pale-purple florets, of 'which the outmost are 
larger, labiate, and give the whole a radiate figure; they are 
a little villose within.—Native of Europe, both in pastures 
and corn fields, but more commonly in the latter: flowering 
in July and August. 
16. Scabiosa parviflora, or small-flowered scabious.—Inte¬ 
rior proper calyx very short, lower leaves obovate, crenate, 
stem dichotomous. Stem villose, upright. Leaves subvil- 
lose; the lower obovate, crenate, with wide, unequal, blunt 
notches; the upper pinnatifid at the base, with the outer lobe 
larger. Heads of flowers small, close, oblong when the fruit 
is ripe, one in each forking; the lower sessile, the upper 
peduncled.—Native of Algiers; also of Sicily. 
17. Scabiosa uralensis, or uralian scabious.—Root-leaves 
simple, stem-leaves decussively pinnate, chaffs dry, reflexed 
at the tip.—This is an annual plant.—Native of Siberia. 
18. Scabiosa sylvatica, or broad-leaved scabious.—All the 
leaves undivided, ovate-oblong serrate, stem hispid. Root 
perennial. Stem herbaceous, green, round, hollow, hispid 
with stiffish hairs springing from black (or deep purple) dots, 
sub-dichotomous, erect, from one foot to two feet high. 
Peduncles very long, supporting purple flowers longer than 
the leaflets of the common calyx, which are lanceolate and 
ciliate below.-—Native of Germany, Switzerland, Austria, 
Carniola, and Piedmont, in woods, among bushes, and 
sometimes in fields; flowering the greater part of the sum¬ 
mer. 
II.—With five-cleft corollets. 
19. Scabiosa gramuntia, or cut-leaved scabious.—Calyxes 
very short, stem-leaves bipinnate filiform. It flowers very 
I O S A. 727 
late, and is perennial.—Native of the south of France, the 
county of Nice, and Barbary. 
20. Scabiosa columbaria, or small scabious.—Root-leaves 
ovate or lyrate crenate, stem-leaves pinnatifid, segments 
linear. This is easily distinguished from the other British 
species by its five-cleft corollas, much more radiant than they, 
that is, having the outer segments of the outer corollets much 
larger than the inner. It has the habit of arvensis, but is 
lower and much more slender in all its parts. The flowers 
are of a blueish lilac colour. Root perennial, tapering to a 
point.—Native of Europe, Barbary, and Siberia, on hilly 
pastures in a gravelly or calcareous soil: flowering from 
June to September. 
21. Scabiosa Pvrenaica, or Pyrenean scabious.—Leaves 
tomentose, entire, toothed and pinnatifid; stem one-flowered. 
All the leaves are tomentose. Stem, except one pair, of pin¬ 
nate leaves, naked, half a foot or more in height. Flower 
single, radiate, purple, with the scales of the calyx ovate-lan¬ 
ceolate, not longer than the flower.—Native of the Pyrenees, 
Switzerland, Savoy, Lombardy, and Barbary. 
22. Scabiosa sicula, or Sicilian scabious.—Root annual. 
Stem herbaceous, a foot high, dichotomous, divaricating, 
red, weak. Leaves petioled, almost naked, a little hairy; the 
lower ones lyrate, the upper subpinnate, linear. Peduncles 
from the forkings, long, scarcely pubescent, purple_Native 
of Sicily. 
23. Scabiosa rutaefolia, or rue-leaved scabious.—Leaves 
pinnate, the upper ones linear; calyxes one-leaved, five-cleft. 
Root perennial, woody, divided at top. Stems several, 
erect, a foot high, stiff, smooth, except at bottom, where 
they are villose, simple, covered at the base with ovate, 
ciliate embracing scales, being the permanent base of the 
leaves.—Native of Tunis: flowering in the middle of July. 
24. Scabiosa maritima, or sea scabious.—Leaves pinnate, 
the upper ones linear, quite entire. Calyx imbricate, hemi¬ 
spherical, with the scales ovate, obtuse. Stem upright, 
branched in threes, long, like the stem. Peduncles elon¬ 
gated. Common involucre, many-leaved, longer than the 
head of flowers; leaflets lanceolate, entire, villose.—Native 
of Italy, France, and Japan. 
25. Scabiosa stellata, or starry scabious.—This is an an¬ 
nual plant. Stems three feet high, hairy. Leaves oblong, 
deeply notched; the upper ones cut almost to the midrib 
into fine segments. Flowers on long peduncles. Recep¬ 
tacles globular. Florets large, spreading open like a star, of 
a pale purple colour.—Native of Spain and Barbary. 
26. Scabiosa prolifera, or prolific scabious.—Stem herba¬ 
ceous, dichotomous or proliferous. Leaves lanceolate, sub- 
pubescent, connate at the base; the lower ones subserrate. 
Flowers axillary, subsessile. Calyx lcose, the length of the 
corolla. Corolla yellow, radiate, with the three outer seg¬ 
ments larger. It is an annual plant. Native of Barbary and 
Egypt, in corn fields. 
27. Scabiosa atropurpurea, or sweet scabious.— Calyx 
twelve-leaved, linear, recurved, the length of the corolla. 
Flower very dark purple, with white anthers. Fruit ovate. 
Receptacle subulate, with bristle-shaped chaffs. It is a bien¬ 
nial plant, and the flowers are very sweet. There is a great 
variety in. their colour, some being of a purple approaching 
to black; others of a pale purple, some red, and others varie¬ 
gated.—Native of the south of Europe. 
28. Scabiosa argentea, or silvery scabious.—Leaves pin¬ 
natifid, segments linear, peduncles very long, stem round. 
This is a low perennial plant, with a branching stalk spread¬ 
ing wide on every side; the leaves are of a silvery colour; 
the flowers are small, pale, and have no scent. 
29. Scabiosa daucoides, or carrot-like scabious.—Stem 
erect, striated, subvillose,simple or with a few upright branches. 
Leaves pubescent; those next the root ovate or Ovate-oblong, 
toothed, blunt, pinnatifid at the base, petioled; lower stem- 
leaves pinnatifid, with the terminating lobe ovate, blunt, 
toothed; middle stem-leaves bipinnate, with the segments 
unequal, linear, acute; upper ones pinnate, with the pin¬ 
nules linear-subulate. Peduncles long, striated. Flowers 
the 
