733 
S C A L 
Scale is also used for a series of sounds rising or falling 
towards acuteness or gravity, from any given pitch of tone to 
the greatest distance that is fit or practicable, through such 
intermediate degrees as to make the succession most agreeable 
and perfect, and in which we have all the harmonical inter¬ 
vals most commodiously divided. 
Scale, Differential, is used for the scale of relation sub¬ 
tracted from unify. See Algebra. 
Scale of Relation, in Algebra, an expression denoting 
the relation of the terms of lecurring series to each other. 
See Algebra. 
SCALE, or Scales, a village of England, in Cornwall, 
near the Land’s End. 
SGALEA, a small town in the south of the kingdom of 
Naples, in Calabria Citra, situated on the Laino, where it 
falls into the gulf of Policastro. The inhabitants cultivate 
cotton, olives, and wine; 29 miles west of Cassano. Lat. 
39. 51. N. long. 15. 59. E. 
SCALEBY, a village of England, in Cumberland, near 
Stanwix and Kirklington, 
SCALE'D, adj. Squamous; having scales like fishes. 
Half my Egypt was submerg’d, and made 
A cistern for scal'd snakes. Shakspeare. 
SCALE'NE, s. [Fr.; scaleniim, Lat.] In Geometry, a 
triangle that has its three sides unequal to each other. Bailey. 
SCALENGHE, a small town of the continental Sar¬ 
dinian states, in Piedmont, province of Pinerolo. Popula¬ 
tion 2500. 
SCALENUS, in Anatomy, (trachelo-costien), a name 
given to some muscles situated at the root of the neck, and 
reaching from the transverse processes of the cervical verte¬ 
brae to the first and second ribs. See Anatomy. 
SCALFORD, a parish of England, in Leicestershire; 
4 miles north-by-east of Melton Mowbray. 
SCALIGER (Julius Caesar), an eminent scholar, whose 
history is rendered obscure by his own vanity in maintaining 
what is now generally thought an imposture respecting his 
origin, According to this fiction, if it be a fiction, as pub¬ 
lished by his son Joseph, in his epistle “ De Splendore ac 
Vetustate Gentis Scaligeri,” he was a descendant of the illus¬ 
trious family of the Scaligers, princes of Verona; and 
was born in 1484, in the castle of R„iva, near the source 
of lake Guarda, and was afterwards a page of the emperor 
Maximilian, on whom he attended seventeen years in 
peace and war. He then became a pensioner of the duke of 
Ferrara, studied at Bologna, commanded a troop of horse 
under the French viceroy at Turin, engaged in the study of 
physic, and in 1525 fixed his abode in France, under the 
patronage of the bishop of Agen. This tale obtained credit 
with some respectable people, among whom was De Thou; 
but it was treated with marked contempt and ridicule by 
others; and it'seems now to be generally admitted to be 
almost, or altogether, fictitious. He was probably the son 
of Benetto Berdone, a Paduan by origin, who practised 
the art of an illuminator of books at Venice, and is supposed 
to have acquired the surname of Della Scala, either from the 
sign of his shop, or the district in which it is situated. It is 
said that, till the year 1525, he passed his time in. obscurity 
at Venice or Padua, studying and practising medicine, and 
in the mean time published some works under his true name, 
Giuho Bordone; and that some hope of bettering his con¬ 
dition then drew him to the diocese of Agen, where he 
passed the remainder of his days. It appears that in 1528 
he had not determined to claim a descent from the illustrious 
Scaligers, when he took out a patent of naturalization from 
Francis I., under the name of “ Julius Caesar Della Scala de 
Bordons, doctor of physic, a native of Verona in Italy.” 
He was then probably of some consideration, since in 1529 
he obtained for a wife a young woman of a noble and 
opulent family; and from this time he began to assert his 
princely origin, in which, however, he was not supported 
by any prince connected with the house of Verona. He 
made his name more effectually known by various writings, 
which have given him a place among the principal literary 
Vq&. XXII, No. 1536, 
I G E R. 
characters of his time. Notwithstanding his celebrity as a 
writer, he continued to practice physic, by which he accu¬ 
mulated a large fortune: and he appears to have opened his 
house to a great number of visitors of all ranks, and to have 
maintained a dignified station in society. He died in 1558, 
in the 75th year of his age. He was unquestionably a man 
of great talents, and though it is generally supposed he 
began to apply to literature late in life, yet few have taken 
a wider range in it than himself. He had a strong memory, 
and a vigorous understanding. He thought and wrote 
freel'y, which, in one instance, subjected him to the sus¬ 
picion of the church. He wrote several books connected 
with his profession, and natural history, particularly Com¬ 
mentaries on Hippocrates “ De Insomniis;” on “ Theo¬ 
phrastus and Aristotle on Plants;” and on Aristotle’s “ His¬ 
tory of Animals.” But he was much more highly applauded 
as a philologist: his elaborate work, entitled “ De Causis 
Linguae Latinae,” printed in 1540, is regarded as the first 
work on that subject, and it is written in a truly philosophical 
method. His treatise, “ De Arte Poetica,” published in 1561, 
gained him great reputation, and was unquestionably the 
most learned work that had appeared. His own poems are 
not excellent, and his letters are obscure, and rather bombas- 
tical. His orations against the “ Ciceronianus” of Erasmus 
have not treated that great scholar in the way becoming his 
character; so that, upon the whole, later critics have not 
agreed with Lipsius, Casaubon, Vossius, and others, in their 
very great praise of Scaliger. 
SCALIGER (Joseph Justus), son of the preceding, was 
born at Agen in 1540. He was, when about eleven years 
old, sent with his brothers to Bourdeaux, where he studied 
the Latin language for three years. The plague breaking 
out in that town, obliged him to return to his father, who 
made a practice of requiring from him, daily, a Latin de¬ 
clamation upon some given subject, which soOn familiarized 
him to compose in that language. On his father’s death he 
went to Paris, being about nineteen years of age, and took 
lessons in Greek from Adrian Turnebus. He was, however, 
his own master principally, and shutting himself up in his 
closet he began to read Homer, and the other Greek poets, 
with such assiduity, that he had, in a few months, gone 
through most of them. When he had attained to a con¬ 
siderable degree of perfection in the Greek, he studied the 
Hebrew; at the same time exercising himself in poetical 
composition in the learned languages. He also laid in avast 
store of observations on Greek and Latin authors, which 
became the basis of his philological labours. He became a 
convert to the Protestant religion, which probably impeded 
his advancement in life. At length, however, he received 
an invitation to a chair in the University of Leyden ; on 
which occasion, he waited on Henry IV. to take leave. 
He removed to Leyden in 1593, as honorary professor of 
the belles-lettres, and spent there the remainder of his. life. 
His character was merely that of a scholar, regardless of all 
worldly concerns, so that he scarcely ever rose much above 
indigence. He had, however, an independent spirit, and 
refused assistance in a variety of instances, when money was 
offered him. In pride and arrogance he was net at all 
inferior to his father, and no scholar has abounded move in 
contemptuous and abusive language towards his adversaries, 
of which his extensive acquaintance with words in various 
tongues supplied him with an inexhaustible store. He was 
reckoned one of the literary heroes of his age, and was 
treated with extraordinary respect at Leyden, where he died 
in 1609, at the age of 69. He is described as a man of 
immense reading, and so addicted to study, that he would 
sometimes pass the whole day in his room without eating, 
or feeling the slightest want of food. He boasted his know¬ 
ledge of thirteen languages. Of his numerous works, ope 
of the most important is a treatise “ De Emendatione Tem- 
porum,” first printed at Paris in 1583, but of which the 
best edition is said to be that of Geneva, 1609- In this 
work he laid down a complete system of chronology, formed 
upon fixed principles; on account of which, and his inven¬ 
tion of the Julian period, he has merited the title of t!;e 
9 A fathssr 
