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SCARABiEUS. 
To SCAR, v. a. To mark as with a sore or wound. 
Yet I’ll not shed her blood. 
Nor scar that whiter skin of her’s than snow, 
And smooth as monumental alabaster. Shakspeare. 
SCAR NOSE, a cape of Scotland, on the north coast of 
the county of Banff. Lat. 57. 40. N. long. 2. 46. W. 
SCA'RAB, or Sca'rabee, s . A beetle; an insect with 
sheathed wings. See Soarab/EUs. —A small scarab is bred 
in the very tips of elm-leaves: these leaves may be observed 
to be dry and dead, as also turgid, in which lieth a dirty, 
whitish, rough maggot, from which proceeds a beetle. 
Derham. 
SCARAB2EUS, or Beetle, in Entomology, a genus of 
insects of the order Coleoptera, of which the Generic Cha¬ 
racter is as follows:—the antennae are clavate ; the club is 
lamellate: the insects of the genus have four feelers, and the 
fore-shanks are generally toothed. 
The larvae or grubs of beetles have six feet: they are 
annulate, hairy, vesicular at the end of the abdomen, and 
furnished with a horny head. They live quietly under 
ground; most of them delight in, and feed upon, dung: 
the tribes of the cetonioc live on decayed woods, and of the 
melo-lonthce on the roots of plants: the nymphae lie dor¬ 
mant under the earth. There have been about 600 species of 
this genus enumerated by Gmelin, which are separated into 
four divisions, viz., those which have filiform feelers; those 
whose feelers are capitate, and jaws bifid; those which have 
cylindric feelers, and the club of the antennae tunicate ; and 
those whose feelers are unequal, the fore ones sub-clavate, 
the hind ones filiform. Of the last three there are but few 
species; the great mass is to be found in the first division. 
We shall not attempt to enumerate every species, but shall 
describe those which are most interesting and deserving of 
notice. 
I.—Feelers uniform. Mandible arched. 
1. Scarabseus Hercules.—Horn of the thorax incurved, 
very large, bifid at the end, bearded beneath, and one¬ 
toothed ; the horn of the head is recurved, with several teeth 
above. This is one of the most remarkable species; it mea¬ 
sures sometimes five or six inches in length; the wing-shells 
are of a smooth surface, of a blueish or brownish-grey colour, 
sometimes nearly black, and commonly marked with several 
small, round, deep black spots, of different sizes; the head 
and limbs are coal-black. From the upper part of the breast 
or thorax proceeds a horn or process of enormous length in 
proportion to that of the body ; it is sharp at the tip, where 
it curves slightly downwards, and is marked beneath by two 
or three denticulations, and furnished throughout its whole 
length with a fine, short, velvet-like pile, of a brownish- 
orange colour: from the front of the head proceeds also a 
strong horn, about two-thirds the length of the former. This 
species is a native of several parts of South America, where 
great numbers are said to be sometimes seen on the tree 
called the mammsea, or mammee-tree, rasping off the rind of 
the slender branches by working nimbly round them with 
the horns, till they cause the juice to flow, which they are 
said to drink to intoxication, and then fall senseless from the 
tree. This fact has been doubted by naturalists, since the 
thoracic horn, being bearded on its lower surface, would be 
made bare by the operation. The Hercules, from the large¬ 
ness of the size of all its parts, affords an admirable example 
of the characters of the genus. It varies, however, in size; 
and it may even be doubted, whether some of the smaller 
specimens have not occasionally been regarded as distinct 
species. The female is destitute both of the frontal and 
thoracic horn, but in other points she resembles the male. 
2. Scarabseus alcides.—Horn of the thorax incurved, 
bearded beneath, and one-toothed; the horn of the head is 
recurved, and unarmed. This is an Indian insect, and is 
not more than half the size of the last: the horn of the 
thorax is not bifid at the end. 
3. Scarabseus centaurus.—The horn of the thorax of this 
is incurved; it is two-toothed at the base, bifid at the end: 
the horn of the head is recurved, and one-toothed.—This is 
found in India and Africa. 
4. Scarabseus dispar.—In the male, the horn of the thorax 
is subulate, and projecting; the horn of the head is subulate, 
slightly recurved; the scutel is heart-shaped.—This insect is 
found in many parts of southern Russia. It is black. The 
female has two erect denticles in the middle of the head 
before ; the thorax has two elevated prominent teeth before. 
5. Scarabseus hastatus.—Horn of the thorax short, arched, 
spear-shaped, rough beneath; horn of the head recurved. 
—It is found in divers parts of South America; it is black 
and the shells are testaceous; the shield of the head is 
reflected, toothed, with a large, sharp, arched, unarmed 
horn; thorax punctured, with an incumbent short horn in 
the middle, spear-shaped or three-lobed at the end; the 
shells are punctured, with a single stripe at the suture. 
6. Scarabseus pan.—The horn of the thorax is incurved, 
very thick at the base, bifid at the end; the horn of the 
head recurved, one-toothed.—It inhabits South America and 
India: large, black. The thorax is rough at the sides, 
smooth in the middle, very thick, ending in an incurved 
bifid horn. 
7. Scarabseus daedalus.—Thorax arched, excavate before, 
with a very short horn ; the horn of the head is flat, im¬ 
pressed on each side.—It inhabits India. The horn is longer 
than the head, and covering the whole head; it is straight 
and broad, with an impressed puncture at the base on each 
side, one-toothed at the edge; the thorax has a transverse 
dorsal elevated line; shells scarcely striate; the legs and 
body beneath ferruginous, hind-thighs clavate; hind-shanks 
thick, truncate: female, thorax unarmed; horn of the head 
shorter, notched. 
8. Scarabseus actseon.—Smooth; thorax two-horned; the 
horn of the head is one-toothed, bifid at the end; the shells 
are smooth.—It inhabits South America. It is the largest of 
all known insects, excepting crabs and monoculi. Its shells 
are black, or glaucous spotted with black. 
9. Scarabseus elephas.—Downy; thorax gibbous, two¬ 
horned ; the horn of the head is one-toothed, and bifid at 
the end.—It inhabits Guinea. The body is covered with 
rusty-grey hairs; the shells are irregularly punctured. 
10. Scarabseus boas.—Thorax refuse, excavate, two¬ 
toothed; the horn of the head is recurved, and simple.—It 
inhabits Sierra Leone. The shield of the head is emargi- 
nate; the thorax is black, with erect ferruginous hairs; the 
shells are pitchy, with a single line at the suture. 
11. Scarabseus coryphaeus. — Thorax two-horned; the 
body ferruginous.—It is found at the Cape of Good Hope. 
The shield of the head is two-horned before, the horns are 
recurved and tipt with black. It has an elevated short black 
spine behind; the thorax has two short approximate horns 
tipt with black, and an obtuse gibbosity behind; the shells 
are slightly striate. 
12. Scarabseus orion.—Brown ; thorax two-horned, the 
horns are compressed ; the head is three-horned; the middle 
one is very short.—It is a native of Senegal, and is small. 
The horns of the head are elevated, thick, compressed, end¬ 
ing in two lateral, distant, recurved horns, with a denticle in 
the middle; the thorax is deeply impressed; the horns are 
• strong; the shells are smooth and highly polished. 
13. Scarabseus atlas.—Thorax three-horned, the middle 
one is very short; the horn of the head is recurved.—It in¬ 
habits America. The horn of the head is sometimes three¬ 
toothed. 
14. Scarabseus typhon.—Thorax three-homed, the middle 
one is notched; the horn of the thorax is recurved, one¬ 
toothed at the base, bifid at the end.—A specimen is in the 
British Museum. The shield of the head is two-toothed; 
the horn is projecting, recurved, with a strong dorsal tooth 
at the base, smooth, black; the thorax is covered with a 
cinereous down; the horns are black, sub-equal, the middle 
one with fulvous down beneath; the shells are brown, and 
nearly smooth. 
15. Scarabseus Vulcanus.—Thorax three-horned, the late¬ 
ral 
