748 
S C A R A 
slight projectons.—It is a native of the southern parts of the 
old continent. It is frequent in dry situations, even in the 
southern parts of Russia. Its figure is carved by the Egyptians 
on the ancient pillars, by whom it was held sacred: from 
which circumstance it derived its specific name. 
116. Scarabseus variolosus.—The shield of this is six¬ 
toothed ; the shells are black, with variolus impressed dots.— 
It inhabits Austria. 
117. Scarabseus miliaris.—Shield six-toothed; the shells 
are black, with raised blacker dots.—It inhabits India. 
118. Scarabseus profanus.—Shield six-toothed; body 
black-blue; shells smooth.—It is native of Guinea. 
119. Scarabseus Bacchus.—Shield four-toothed, gibbous; 
thorax and shells glabrous; the shanks on all sides are ser¬ 
rate.—It inhabits the Cape of Good Hope. 
120. Scarabseus gibbosus.—Shield four-toothed; shells 
with a gibbosity at the base.— It inhabits America. 
121. Scarabseus Hollandise.—Shield four-toothed; shells 
grooved.—An inhabitant of New Holland. 
122. Scarabseus granulatus.—Body covered with cinereous 
down; thorax and shells with raised black dots; shield emar- 
ginate.—It is thought to be only a variety of the last. 
123. Scarabseus cupreus.—Black-coppery; shield emar- 
ginate ; thorax gibbous.—It inhabits Africa. 
124. Scarabseus fiagellatus.—Black; shield emarginate; 
thorax and shells rough.—It is a native of the Cape, and is 
found frequently in the southern parts of Europe. 
125. Scarabseus schaefferi.—Thorax rounded; shield 
emarginate ; shells triangular; hind-thighs long and toothed. 
—It inhabits the warm banks of Germany; deposits its eggs 
in round balls of cow-dung, which it rolls up with its hind- 
feet, and buries. 
126. Scarabseus pillularius.—Black, opaque, smooth ; 
shield sub-marginate, with two raised oblique lines.—This is 
a native of the southern parts of Europe, about the size of the 
lousy beetle. It rolls up a ball made of excrement, seven 
times the bulk of its own body. 
127. Scarabseus squaleus.—Black; shield emarginate; 
shells striate.—It inhabits Brazil. The head and thorax are 
smooth, polished; shield emarginate; the lobes rounded. 
128. Scarabseus calcaratus.—Head shielded, emarginate ; 
hind-thighs toothed.—It inhabits Egypt. 
129. Scarabseus bi-pustulata.—Black ; shells with a rufous 
spot at the base.—It inhabits New Holland. 
130. Scarabseus triangularis.—Black; edge of the thorax 
and thighs pale; shield emarginate.—It is found chiefly in 
Surinam. 
131. Scarabseus cinctus.—Black; margin of the shells 
p ae; the shield is emarginate.—It is a native of China. 
132. Scarabseus smaragdulus.—Brassy, polished ; shield 
two-toothed.—It is a native of America. 
133. Scarabseus minor.—Black; shield six-toothed; the 
hind-legs are long..—[t inhabits the Cape. It is less than 
the ovatus, about to be noticed, and the body is totally 
black. 
134. Scarabseus ovatus..—Black; thorax rounded, six¬ 
toothed ; shells abbreviated.—It inhabits Europe. 
135. Scarabseus Amazonus.—Testaceous; thorax with two 
black blotches; the shells are marked with a brown callus 
on the outer edge. 
136- Scarabseus crucifer.—Thorax a little downy, greenish ; 
the shells are of a pale yellow; they are shorter than the body, 
and marked with a double beamed black cross.—It is a native 
of Siberia. 
137. Scarabseus guttatus.—Black; thorax rounded, with 
smooth raised dots ; the shield is impressed, bifid at the tip ; 
the shells are deeply crenate, striate, with oblong spots com¬ 
posed of yellow hairs. 
II.—Mandible arched, slightly toothed; abdomen naked at 
the end, obliquely truncate. 
138. Scarabseus stigma.—Rusty brown ; shells with, an 
oblong snowy mark near the tip.—It inhabits Java. The 
body is very large ; the shield hardly reflected; the legs are 
black. 
B M U S. 
139. Scarabseus fullo.—Testaceous spotted with white; 
scutel with a double white spot: antennse divided into seven 
leaves.5*-It inhabits the sandy situations in Europe and Bar¬ 
bary, living very much on the oak, Elymus arenaria and 
Arundo arenaria. It is hairy below; the hooks at the ends 
of their legs are furnished at their base with a crooked branch. 
This is the largest coleopterous insect ever seen in this country, 
except the Lucanus cervus, or stag-beetle. It is by no means 
common here. 
140. Scarabseus melolontha, or tree-beetle-cockchaffer.— 
Testaceous; thorax hairy; tail inflected ; a triangular white 
spot at each incisure of the abdomen. This insect is ex¬ 
tremely familiar in our island. The larva inhabits the 
ploughed lands, and feeds on the roots of corn ; the complete 
insect makes its appearance in the beginning of summer. It 
has sometimes been seen in such prodigious quantities as 
almost to strip the trees of their foliage, and to produce 
mischiefs approaching to the devastations occasioned by the 
locust tribe. There is an interesting account of their 
ravages in Ireland, by Mr. Molineux, in the Philosophical 
Transactions for the year 1697, of winch the following is an 
extract:— 
“ These insects were first noticed in this kingdom in 1688. 
They appeared on the south-west coast of Galway, brought 
thither by a south-west wind, one of the most common, I 
might almost say, trade-winds, of this country. From thence 
they penetrated into the inland parts towards Heddford, 
about twelve miles north of the town of Galway : here and 
there in the adjacent country, multitudes of them appeared 
among the trees and hedges in the day-time, hanging by 
the boughs in clusters, like bees when they swarm. In this 
posture they continued, with little or no motion, during the 
heat of the sun ; but towards evening, or sunset, they 
would all disperse and fly about with a strange humming 
noise, like the beating of distant drums, and in such vast 
numbers, that they darkened the air for the space of two or 
three miles square. Persons travelling on the roads, or 
abroad in the fields, found it very uneasy to make their 
way through them, they would so beat and knock them¬ 
selves against their faces in their flight, and with such a 
force as to make the place smart, and leave a slight mark 
behind them. In a short lime after their coming, they had 
so entirely eat up and destroyed all the leaves of the trees 
for some miles round, that the whole country, though in the 
middle of summer, was left as bare as in the depth of winter; 
and the noise they made in gnawing the leaves made a sound 
much resembling the sawing of timber. They also came 
into the gardens, and destroyed the buds, blossoms, and 
leaves of all the fruit-trees, so that they were left perfectly 
naked : nay, many, that were more delicate than the rest, 
lost their sap as well as leaves, and quite withered away; so 
that they never recovered again. Their multitudes spread so 
exceedingly, that they infested houses, and became extremely 
offensive and troublesome. Their numerous young, hatched 
from the eggs which they had lodged under ground, near 
the surface of the earth, did still more harm in that close 
retirement than all the flying swarms of their parents had 
done abroad ; for this destructive brood, lying underground, 
eat up the roots of corn and grass, and thus consumed the 
support both of man and beast. This plague was happily 
checked several ways. High winds and wet misling weather 
destroyed many millions of them in a day; and when this 
constitution of the air prevailed, they were so enfeebled that 
they would let go their hold, and drop to the ground from 
the branches; and so little a fall as this was quite sufficient 
to disable, and sometimes perfectly kill them. Nay, it was 
observable that, even when they were most vigorous, a slight 
blow would for some lime stun them, if not deprive them of 
life. During these unfavourable seasons of the weather, the 
swine and poultry of the country would watch under the 
trees for their falling, and feed and fatten upon them; and 
even the poorer sort of the country people, the country then 
labouring under a scarcity of provision, had a way of dress¬ 
ing them, and lived upon them as food. In a little time it 
was found that smoke was another thing very offensive to 
them; 
