SOARABiEUS. 749 
them; and by burning heath, fern, &c., the gardens were 
secured, or if the insects had already entered, they were thus 
driven out again. Towards the latter end of summer they 
returned of themselves, and so totally disappeared, that in a 
few days you could not see one left. A year or two ago, all 
along the south-west coast of the county of Galway, for some 
miles together, there were found dead on the shore such in¬ 
finite multitudes of them, and in such vast'heaps, that, by a 
moderate estimate, it was computed there could not be less 
than forty or fifty horse-loads in all ; which was a new 
colony, or a supernumerary swarm from the same place 
whence the first stock came, in 1688, driven by the wind 
from their native land, which I conclude to be Normandy or 
Britanny in France; it being a country much infested with 
this insect, and from whence England heretofore has been 
pestered in a similar manner with swarms of this vermin ; 
but these, meeting with a contrary wind, before they could 
land, were stopped, and, tired with the voyage, were all 
driven into the sea, which, by the motion of its waves and 
tides, cast their floating bodies in heaps on the shore. It is 
observed that they seldom keep above a year together in a 
place, and their usual stages or marches are computed to be 
about six miles in a year. Hitherto their progress has been 
westerly, following the course of that wind which blows most 
commonly in this country.” 
In Mouffet’s History of Insects, it is said that early in the 
year 1574, so great a quantity of these insects were driven 
into the river Severn, that they totally prevented the mills 
from working, and were with the utmost difficulty extirpated 
by the united efforts of the people, and the various kinds of 
hawks, ducks, and other birds, which preyed upon them with 
great avidity. In Normandy, it is said, they generally make 
their appearance every third year. In this country, the 
county of Norfolk has sustained more damage than any other 
from the ravages of the cockchaffer. In the year 1751 many 
crops of corn were ruined by it. 
The larva, according to some well-informed naturalists, is 
two, and sometimes three, years in passing from its first state 
into that of the perfect insect. The eggs are laid in small 
detached heaps, beneath the surface of some clod; and the 
young, when first hatched, are scarcely more than the eighth 
of an inch in length, gradually advancing in their growth, 
and occasionally shifting their skins till they arrive at the size 
of two inches or more. At this period they begin to prepare 
for their change in a chrysalis or pupa, selecting for the purpose 
some small clod of earth, in which they form an oval cavity, 
and, after a certain space, divest themselves of their last skin, 
and immediately appear in the chrysalis form, in which they 
continue till the succeeding summer, when the beetle emerges 
from its retirement, and commits its depredations on the 
leaves of trees, and other things that it selects for its food, 
breeds and deposits its eggs in a favourable situation, after 
which, its life is of a very short duration. The cockchaffer is 
eagerly sought after and devoured by swine, bats, crows, and 
many kinds of poultry. It varies annually, in having the 
thorax rufous and black; the male is distinguished from the 
female by a pointed inflected tail. 
141. Scarabaeus pilosus.—Downy, blackish; shield re¬ 
flected, slightly emarginate ; antennae ferruginous.—It is 
found chiefly in Hungary. The scutel is broad, and slightly 
emarginate. 
142. Scarabaeus occidentals.—Testaceous; thorax downy; 
shells with four snowy lines.—It inhabits different parts of 
Europe. 
143. Scarabaeus alopex.—Body covered with tawny 
down; shield reflected, emarginate; shells smooth, black.—■ 
Found at the Cape. Shield rounded, smooth; shells imma¬ 
culate. 
144. Scarabaeus solstitialis.—Testaceous; thorax downy; 
shells pale yellow, with three paler parallel lines.—It inhabits 
Europe, and appears later than the cockchaffer, generally 
about the summer solstice. It is furnished with a scutel, 
and is without horns; the thorax is hairy; the elytra are 
of a pale yellow colour, marked with three white parallel 
lines. It is generally met with among trees. The claws at 
Vol. XXII. No. 1537. 
the end of the legs have one little projection, like a tooth at 
their base. 
145. Scarabaeus candidus.—Shield rounded; body downy 
white.—It is an East Indian insect. The shells are marked 
with a snowy dot near the tip; hence its specific name. 
146. Scarabaeus aequinoctialis.—Downy testaceous; shield 
slightly reflected.—It is a native of Hungary. The body is 
covered with ash-coloured down ; the antennae are rufous. 
147. Scarabaeus pini.—Black; shield, sides of the thorax, 
shells, and legs, pale.—It inhabits Barbary; as does the 
148. Scarabaeus atriplicis.—Oblong, downy, pale; suture 
and the tip of the shells black; the shield is rounded and re¬ 
flected ; the thorax immaculate ; the shells are nearly 
smooth ; the legs are pale ; the tarsi brown. 
149. Scarabaeus lauigerus.—Beneath woolly; head and 
thorax golden; the shells are of a pale yellow.—This is found 
in India. 
150. Scarabaeus longicornus.—Above smooth, black; the 
shells are ferruginous; the club of the antennae elongated.—It 
is found at the Cape. 
151. Scarabaeus punctatus—Testaceous; the shells are 
marked with three brown distant spots.—This is an American 
insect. The claws are curved, and very sharp. 
152. Scarabaeus sutura.—Green; suture of the shells yel¬ 
lowish.—It inhabits New Zealand. The edges of the thorax 
are a little yellowish, obtusely angled behind; the shells are 
smooth, substriate ; breast and abdomen covered with white 
down; the sternum projected and pointed; the legs are 
green and the tarsi ferruginous. 
153. Scarabaeus barbatus.—Smooth, black, polished ; last 
segment of the abdomen bearded, a little prominent. 
154. Scarabaeus glacialis.—This insect is smooth, pitchy; 
antennae and legs testaceous.—It inhabits America. 
155. Scarabaeus striatus.—Smooth, brassy; shells striate, 
the suture and four lines are coppery.—It inhabits America. 
The shell has ten grooves; the body beneath and legs are 
black. 
156. Scarabaeus hirticollis.—Hairy, black ; shells punc¬ 
tured, smooth, rufous.—It inhabits Africa. The shield of 
this is rounded. 
157. Scarabaeus ruficollis.—Smooth, punctured, ferrugi¬ 
nous ; shells testaceous.—It inhabits Coromandel. 
158. Scarabaeus brunneus.—Smooth ; testaceous ; shells 
striate ; thorax with a dot on each side.—It inhabits Europe. 
The larva is soft, whitish, with testaceous head and legs. 
159. Scarabaeus melanocephalus.—Smooth; reddish, 
black; shells pale. 
160. Scarabaeus erythrocephalus.—Smooth, pale; head 
rufous, black at the base. The body is smooth and imma¬ 
culate. 
161. Scarabaeus rufus.—Smooth, reddish; shells testace¬ 
ous; shield five-toothed.—It inhabits the cape. The shield 
is reflected; the body beneath is marked with whitish hairs. 
162. Scarabaeus festivus.—Above smooth, green; dorsal 
line on the thorax and suture of the shells dark brown.—It 
inhabits New Zealand. 
163. Scarabaeus holysericeus.—This is a beautiful insect; 
the upper part is green, silky, beneath coppery ; shells with 
four raised lines.—It inhabits the southern parts of Russia. 
164. Scarabaeus janthinus.—Pale violet; outer edge of the 
thorax, shells, abdomen, and legs, testaceous; tail violet- 
brown; thighs violet before. 
165. Scarabaeuscoriarius.—Violet-brown; thorax yellow- 
brown ; shield reflected at the tip ; the shells are testaceous. 
166. Scarabaeus nigritus.—Smooth, black; shield reflected; 
shells obscurely striate.—This is an American insect. The 
shield is rounded, black, and immaculate; the body is black. 
167. Scarabaeus frischii.—This is of a brassy-black colour, 
and polished; the shells are testaceous.—It is a native of 
Germany. It varies in having the shells brassy, but some¬ 
times blue. 
168. Scarabaeus vitis.—This is green, but the sides of the 
thorax are yellow.—It inhabits Europe and America, and 
is found on the vine, whence it derives its specific name. 
Its shells vary in colour; the thorax is edged with yellow. 
9 E 169. Scarabaeus 
