754 S C A 
infirm persons. The other charitable institutions in the town 
are an amicable society, which clothes and educates about 
70 boys and girls; a Lancasterian school, a seaman’s hos¬ 
pital, erected in 1752, and supported by a contribution on 
the owners of the ships of the port; a spinning school, and 
several friendly societies and Sunday schools. The ruins of 
the ancient castle form a very picturesque object, and great 
ornament to the town. The' promontory on which they 
stand rises nearly 300 feet above the level of the sea, which 
washes the bottom of it on the north-east and south sides. 
The only entrance to the castle is by the west side, which is 
also bold and lofty, and completely commands both the town 
and the bay. The area of the castle contains about fifteen 
acres; the first approach is through a gateway, within which 
are the remains of an outwork, anciently called the Barbican. 
Within this is a bridge thrown over a deep and broad fosse, 
and leading to the keep tower, a lofty square building, with 
an embattled parapet. The walls are 12 feet thick, and 
cased with square stones, within which the mortar having 
been applied in a fluid stale, the whole has acquired the 
Consistency almost of a solid mass. Scarborough castle was 
built about the year 1138, by William Le Gros, earl of 
Albemarle and Holderness. It was seized by Henry II., and 
continued ever after a royal fortress, and became the scene 
of many important transactions in English history. The 
office of governor was esteemed a great distinction, and soli¬ 
cited by the highest nobility and prelates. In the reign of 
Edward II. Piers de Gaveston sought refuge here, and was 
ultimately obliged to surrender to his enemies. During the 
civil wars in the reign of Charles I. the castle was twice 
besieged and taken by the parliamentary forces. In 1745 
it underwent some slight repair, and a considerable 
quantity of military stores was at the same time deposited 
in it, and 100 pieces of cannon mounted on the batte¬ 
ries. At present there are two batteries for the pro¬ 
tection of the town and harbour. The harbour of Scar¬ 
borough is the only haven of consequence on the eastern 
coast, between the Humber and Tynemouth; hence it is 
much resorted to during the violent easterly storms which 
often prevail here, and has on this account proved of great 
benefit to the navigation. It is extensive and commodious, 
of easy access, and has a depth of water capable of ad¬ 
mitting ships of large burden. Its situation, however, un¬ 
fortunately exposed it to be warped up with sand; but this 
evil has been remedied by the erection of a new pier to the 
westward, which forms an agreeable promenade, and by 
the excavation of the sand by manual labour. The harbour 
is protected by a vast pier, which extends a considerable 
way into the sea, sweeping with a large portion of a circle. 
It is a work of great magnitude, and its erection was attended 
with peculiar difficulties. The foundation is 60 feet in 
breadth, the top 42 feet, and the height of the pier 40 feet. 
The stones used in the building were of extraordinary size; 
some of them weighing from 20 to 36 tons. Piers for the 
security of the shipping were begun here in the reign of 
Henry II. in 1252. In 1546, the 37th of Henry VIII. an 
act of parliament was passed for repairing the pier; and in 
the 5th of George II. the act was passed under which the 
pier received its great and final addition. From the ad¬ 
vantages of its harbour, the trade of Scarborough is very 
considerable. The tonnage of shipping belonging to the port 
is estimated to amount to 30,000 tons. The exports are 
com, butter, hams, bacon, and salt-fish ; the imports, coals 
from Newcastle and Sunderland, timber, deals, hemp, flax, 
and iron from the Baltic; brandy and geneva from Holland, 
wine from Portugal, and groceries and a variety of dress 
articles from London. But to its celebrated mineral wafers 
the present prosperity of Scarborough is chiefly owing, which 
have rendered the town a place of fashionable and general 
resort, both for health, pleasure, and amusement. The Spa 
is situated on the sea-shore, close to the southern extremity 
of the town. Here are two wells, the south and the north. 
The south well, or purging water, contains, upon analysis, 
128 grains of vitriolated magnesia, 58.4 of vitriolated lime, 
28 of carbonate of lime, 16 of muriated magnesia, 4 of 
S C A 
muriated natron, 2.6 of carbonate of iron, and 98 ounces' 
per gallon of fixed air or carbonic acid gas. The north 
well, a chalybeate water, contains 98 grains of vitriolated 
magnesia, 61.5 carbonate of lime, 54.4 vitriolated lime, 14 
muriated magnesia, 3 carbonate of iron, 2.1 muriated natron, 
and 100 ounces per gallon of carbonic acid. The water of 
the south well has a gentle aperient property; that of the 
north well does not affect the bowels, but passes off generally 
by urine. The latter is hence more bracing, and is pre¬ 
ferred in all cases of general weakness or relaxation. The 
Spa is under the management of a superintendant, usually 
called the governor. He is appointed by the corporation, 
and his duty is \o receive subscriptions, and to preserve 
order. No part of the British coast affords a situation more 
commodious for bathing than Scarborough. The bay is 
spacious, and open to the sea; and the water is fine and 
transparent. The sand is clear, smooth, and level, and the 
slope of the beach towards the sea very gentle. Bathing 
may be performed at all times of the tide, and in almost all 
kinds of weather, with security and ease. In the month of 
August the sea is said to be several degrees colder than at 
Brighton. Herrings are caught off the coast here in great 
numbers, from the middle of August to November; also cod 
fish, mackerel, turbot, &c. The city of York is supplied from 
hence with all these fish. The drying, pickling, and sale 
of the cod-fish, is productive of great advantage to Ihe in¬ 
habitants. In the town is also a manufacture of sailcloth. 
Scarborough was incorporated a borough by a charter in the 
reigns of Henry III. and Edward III. and confirmed by 
every succeeding monarch down to James l. Under the 
charter of Edward III. the town is now governed. It sends 
two members to Parliament, chosen by the corporate body. 
The corporation consists of 2 bailiffs, 2 coroners, 4 cham¬ 
berlains, and a common council of 36 members. No 
mention of Scarborough is made in the Doomsday Book, 
and it is hence supposed not to have existed before the 
Norman conquest. Market on Thursday and Saturday. 
Population returns, 1712 houses, and 7067 inhabitants, 
besides about 500 sailors; 40 miles north-east of York, 
and 218 north of Loudon. Lat. 54. 16. N. long. 0. 
24. W. 
SCARBOROUGH, a town aqd fort on the island ofTobago. 
SCARBOROUGH, a post township of the United States, 
in Cumberland county, Maine : 110 miles, north-north-east 
of Boston. Population 2094. 
SCARBOROUGH, a town of Upper Canada, near Lake 
Ontario. 
SCARBOROUGH COVE, a harbour in Chebucto bay, 
on the coast of Nova Scotia. It is 5 or 6 furlongs broad, 
and nearly the same in depth. 
SCARCE, adj. [scarso, I tab eschars, old Fr. scaers, 
Teut, parcus, avaras. Kilian.] Parsimonious; not liberal; 
stingy. This is the primary meaning. Todd. 
Looke that no man for scarce thee holde, 
For that may grieve thee manifolde; 
Reson wol that a lover be 
In his yeftis more large and fre, &c. Chaucer 
Not plentiful; not copious; rare.—A Swede will no more 
sell you his hemp for less silver, because you tell him silver 
is scarcer now in England, and therefore risen one-fifth in 
value, than a tradesman of London will sell his commodity 
cheaper to the Isle of Man, because money is scarce there. 
Locke. —The scarcest of all is a Pescennius Niger on a me¬ 
dallion well preserved. Addison . 
SCARCE, or Scarcely, ado. Hardly : scantly. 
When we our betters see bearing our woes, 
We scarcely think our miseries our foes. Shakspeare. 
With difficulty. 
Slowly she sails, and scarcely stems the tides; 
The pressing water pours within her sides. Dry den. 
SCARCELLINO (Lo), the cognomen of a painter, 
whose real name was Ippolito Scarsella. He was born 
at 
