S C H 
SCHAFFILT, in Ornithology, the name of a very small 
owl, not larger than the thrush, called noctua minor by 
authors. 
SCHAFHEIM, a small town of the west of Germany, in 
Hesse-Darmsfadt; 17 miles east of Darmstadt, and 24 east of 
Frankfort Population 1200. 
SCHAFSTADT, a small town of Prussian Saxony: 10 
miles west of Merseburg. Population 1300. 
SCHAGEN, a small town of the Netherlands, in North 
Holland, containing 1500 inhabitants. Its vicinity was the 
scene of military operations between the French and British, 
in 1799. 
SCHAGEN, a beautiful but small town of North Holland ; 
11 miles north of Alcmaar. Population 1500. 
SCHAGTICOKE, Point, a township of the United 
States, in Rensselaer county, New York, on the east side of 
the Hudson ; 17 miles north of Albany. Population 2492. 
SCHAHARA, a mountain of Yemen, in Arabia ; 12 miles 
north-west of Chamir. 
SCHAHI, a town of Aderbijan, in Persia; 30 miles south¬ 
west of Tabreez. 
SCI1AIDE, a small town of Austria, in the Tyrol, circle 
Of the Vorarlberg. Population 1200. 
SCHAIDT, a small town in the north-east of France, 
department of the Lower Rhine, with 800 inhabitants. 
SCHAKAR.ILLA, or Schacarii.la, in the Materia 
Medica, a name given by some authors to the medicinal 
bark commonly called cortex thuris and cortex eleutherii. 
Mont an i, Exot. 
SHCAIiEN, a large village of East Prussia, near the great 
maritime inlet the Curische Haff, which gives name to the 
district in which Konigsberg is situated. Here is the usual 
ferry over the Half to Memel; 15 miles north-north east of 
•Konigsberg. 
SCHALFILK, a populous and extensive valley of the Swiss 
canton of the Grisons, extending eastward from Coire to Mount 
Strela. It is watered by the Plessour, one of the most impe¬ 
tuous torrents in the Rhoetian Alps. 
SCHALIC, a small town of Prussian Westphalia, near 
Cleves. Population 1200. 
SCHALKEN (Godfrey), born at Dort, in 1643, was a 
painter, who obtained celebrity by painting scenes of candle 
and torch light with exceeding great neatness and delicacy 
of pencil. He acquired the first rudiments of the art under 
Van Hoogstraten, but afterwards improved himself in the 
school of Gerard Dow. On leaving that master, he endea¬ 
voured to enlarge his style, by imitating Rembrandt; but 
finding that taste above his comprehension, he pursued his 
former course, and persevered in the highly finished manner he 
had first adopted. 
Though it is impossible not to admire the ingenuity with 
which Schalken’s pictures are wrought, yet unfortunately 
they are not in general of a true tone, but are too red and 
yellow in the lights. He was led into this mistake by his 
mode of study. It was his custom to place the objects he 
took for his models in a closed room, illumined only by a 
candle or lamp ; and looking at them through a small aper¬ 
ture, painted himself by day light. The contrast of the two 
lights naturally produced in the darkened chamber the red 
and yellow tones to his eye, which are not observable so 
distinctly at night. 
• The compositions of this painter are agreeable, and his 
well-managed chiaru-scuro heightens that character; and 
notwithstanding the defect we have observed in his colour, 
•yet the general tones are managed with great dexterity and 
•truth of imitation. 
He passed some time in England, and painted king 
William, giving him a wax-candle to hold in his hand 
while he imitated its effect. He afterwards returned to 
•Holland, and settled at the Hague, where he died in 1706, 
aged 63. 
SCHALKLINGEN, a small town of the west of Germany, 
in Wirtemberg; 8 miles west of Ulm. Population 800. 
SCHALL, or Scial (John Adam), a celebrated mis¬ 
sionary and mathematician, was bom at. Cologne, in the 
S C H 763 
year 1591. He entered at an early age into the order of 
the Jesuits, and having studied at Rome, went to China, 
where, in 1630, he was made president of the tribunal of 
mathematics, and in 1644 he was raised to the dignity of 
mandarin by the emperor Chun-Ti. On the death of that 
prince, the enemies of the Christian religion took advan¬ 
tage of the minority of his successor, Can-Hi, to excite a 
severe persecution against the Jesuits. Schall was deprived 
of his office, imprisoned, and condemned to a cruel death; 
but this part of his sentence was not carried into execution. 
He died a natural death in August, 1666. He was the 
author of “ Historica Narratio de Ortu et Progressu Fidei 
Orthdoxse in regno Chinensi ab anno 1581, ad annum 1660, 
ex literis decern Adami Schallwhich was printed at 
Vienna, in 1665. He was author likewise of several works 
written in the Chinese lannuage. 
SCHALMEY, a German wind-instrument, played with a 
reed : it is a 12th below the common clarinet. But the com¬ 
mon clarinet is made a schalmey by the performer quitting 
the key under the thumb of the left hand. 
The schalmey makes the lowest twelve notes of every 
clarinet, from E, third space in the base, to G, second line 
in the treble. And the treble clarinet has all the notes 
above that G to C in altissimo, with all the semi tones. 
The schalmey is probably the shautn mentioned in the sacred 
writings. 
The instrument named corno inglesi is a tenor clarinet 
played with a reed. Itis curved like a basset horn. 
SCHAMACHI, a city of Persia, capital of the province of 
Shirvan. It was once large, populous, and commercial; but 
the city known to the early travellers under this name, is now 
ruined, and its remains entirely covered by thick brushwood. 
The present city is called New Schamachi. It is situated in 
a plain on the river Aksisi, about 30 miles from the Kur, and 
the same distance from the Caspian. It is of a quadrangular 
form, each side being 800 paces long, and the walls are in 
tolerable repair, built of unburnt brick, and surrounded with 
a very deep and broad ditch. Previous to its capture by Aga 
Mahommed, during the late civil war, it was supposed to 
•contain 6000 inhabitants; but it was entirely destroyed by 
that tyrant, from whose ravages it has not recovered. Lat. 
40. 27. N. long. 48. 45. E. 
SCHAMANS, a denomination given in Siberia to the 
Sammanes or Samancans of India. Both the people and 
the priests of the Schaman religion are at present illiterate; 
but the old Sammanes are said to have written many books 
in philosophy and theology. Persecuted by the Bramins, 
and driven by them out of India Proper, they are thought 
to have taken refuge in Pegu, Siam, and other countries 
beyond the Ganges; and it is supposed that the religion of 
those countries was derived from their principles. The reli¬ 
gion of the Lamas in Thibet is also said to be a reformed 
Schamanism. As the followers of Budda were likewise per¬ 
secuted by the Brainins, and they also fled to the other side 
of the Ganges, some are of opinion that he was worshipped 
there under the appellation of Somonocodom. But since the 
term for God is in the language of some of the Tartars 
•Kytai , or Gudai, and in the Persian Khoda, which very 
much resembles our word God, Somonocodom may signify 
the “ God of the Schamans.” As to the word Schaman , 
Loubiere says it signifies a “ man living in the woods,” or 
•a hermit, which is applicable enough to one who is addicted 
to a life of contemplation. The word Ta/opoin is said to 
have the same signification in the language of some of the 
neighbouring nations. 
In the tenets and practices of the Schamans we may see 
a faint outline of the religion of the Hindoos. They believe in 
one God, the maker of all things ; but they think that he pays 
no attention to the affairs of men, leaving the government of 
the world to inferior beings, to whom, therefore, all their 
devotions are addressed. Like the Egyptians and Hindoos, 
they represent the divine attributes by the figure of both the 
sexes. Both the celestial bodies, and all tcrrestial objects of 
considerable magnitude, are objects of worship to them, 
though some of them only believe that mountains, and great 
bodies 
