54 SEE 
intended to prevent forgery by shewing the inside of the 
metal. 
SERRA'TION, s. Formation in the shape of a saw. 
SERRATULA [so named from the finely serrated leaves 
of the common sort. The name is found in Pliny], in 
Botany, a genus of the class syngenesia, order polygamia 
aequalis, natural order of compositaa capital®, cinarocephalae 
(Juss.J —Generic Character. Calyx: common, oblong, 
subcylindrical, imbricate, with lanceolate, acute or obtuse, 
awnless scales. Corolla: compound, tubulous, uniform. 
Corollets hermaphrodite, equal. Proper one-petalled, fun¬ 
nel-form : tube bent in; border ventricose, five-cleft. Sta¬ 
mina : filaments five, capillary, very short. Anther cylin¬ 
drical, tubulous. Pistil: germ ovate. Style filiform, length 
of the stamens. Stigmas two, oblong, reflex. Pericarp 
none. Calyx unchanged. Seeds solitary, obovate. Pap¬ 
pus sessile, feathered. Receptacle chaffy, flat .—Essential 
Character. Calyx subcylindrical, imbricate, awnless. 
1. Serratula tinctoria, or common saw-wort.—Leaves ser¬ 
rate; subciliate, lyrate-pinnatifid; terminating lobe very large; 
florets uniform; pappus somewhat rugged.—Native of Eu¬ 
rope, in woods, thickets, hedges and bushy pastures: flower¬ 
ing in July and August. 
2. Serratula coronata, or Siberian saw-wort.—Leaves ly¬ 
rate-pinnatifid ; terminating pinna very large; florets of the 
ray female longer. Native of Italy, Silesia and Siberia. 
3. Serratula Japonica, or Japanese saw-wort.—Leaves ly¬ 
rate-pinnatifid, rugged; calyx-scales dilated at the point and 
membranaceous.—Native of Japan. 
4. Serratula Alpina, or Alpine saw-wort.—.Calyxes some¬ 
what hairy, ovate; leaves undivided, woolly beneath ; pap¬ 
pus feathered.—Native of the high mountains of Lapland, 
Norway, Austria, Switzerland, Silesia, Siberia, Wales and 
Scotland. 
5. Serratula salicifolia, or willow-leaved saw-wort.— 
Leaves linear-lanceolate, alternate, hoary beneath, sessile, 
quite entire.—Native of Siberia. 
6. Serratula multiflora, or many-flowered saw-wort.— 
Leaves lanceolate, villose underneath, subdecurrent, quite 
entire; stem corymb; calyxes cylindrical.—Found in Sibe¬ 
ria, Silesia, and China near Canton. 
7. Serratula noveboracensis, or long-leaved saw-wort.— 
Leaves lanceolate-oblong, serrate, pendulous.—Native of 
North America. 
8. Serratula praealta, or tall saw-wort.—Leaves lanceolate- 
oblong, serrate, spreading, hirsute beneath.—Native of Vir¬ 
ginia, Carolina, Pennsylvania, and most other parts of North 
America. 
9. Serratula glauca, or glaucous-leaved saw-wort.-—Leaves 
ovate-oblong, acuminate, serrate; flowers corymb; calyxes 
roundish.—Native of Maryland, Virginia and Carolina. 
10. Serratula squarrosa, or rough-headed saw-wort.—• 
Leaves linear; calyxes squarrose, subsessile, acuminate, la¬ 
teral.—Native of Virginia, and most of the provinces of 
North America. 
11. Serratulascariosa, or ragged-cupped saw-wort.—Leaves 
lanceolate, quite entire; calyxes squarrose, peduncled, ob¬ 
tuse.—-Native of Virginia. 
12. Serratula pilosa, or hairy-leaved saw-wort.—Leaves 
linear, hairy; flowers axillary, on long peduncles.—Native 
of North America. 
13. Serratula speciosa, or hairy-cupped saw-wort.—Leaves 
linear-sickled; flowers sessile, spiked; calycine leaflets, rough- 
haired, acute; the inner ones elongated, coloured at the 
point.—Native of Carolina and Georgia. 
14. Serratula spicata, or spiked saw-wort.—Leaves linear, 
ciliate at the base; flowers in spikes, sessile, lateral; stem 
simple.—Native of North America. 
15. Serratula amara, or bitter saw-wort.—Leaves lanceo¬ 
late; calycine scales scariose at the point, blunt, patulous, 
coloured ; flowers terminating.—Native of Siberia. 
1C. Serratula centauroides, or century-like saw-wort.-— 
Leaves pinnatifid, oblique, acute, smooth, unarmed; caly¬ 
cine scales mucronate; the inner ones scariose.—Native of 
Siberia. 
S E R 
17. Serratula mucronata, or pointed-cupped saw-wort.— 
Smooth ; leaves entire, lanceolate - } stem few-flowered ; ca¬ 
lycine scales scariose at the point; acuminate, reflex.— 
Native of Barbary, near Mascar. 
18. Serratula humil is, or dwarf saw-wort.—Leaves pinna¬ 
tifid, tomentose beneath; head simple, one-flowered; ca¬ 
lyx-leaves subulate, loose.—Native of Mount Atlas, near 
Tlemsen. 
19. Serratula scordium.—Leaves lanceolate, serrate, half¬ 
embracing ; flowers fastigiate; root creeping.—Native of 
China and Cochin-china. 
20. Serratula arvensis.—Corn saw-wort, or way thistle.— 
Leaves sessile, pinnatifid, spiny ; stem panicled; calyxes 
ovate, spinulose. It is one of the worst pests of arable lands, 
having strong creeping roots, striking down to a great depth, 
and then branching out horizontally, so that it is very dif¬ 
ficult to root it out where it has once got possession, and 
every small piece of it will grow. 
Propagation and Culture. —The saw-worts are hardy 
perennial plants, and will thrive in the open air in England. 
The first is rarely admitted into gardens, but the other sorts 
are frequeutly preserved in the gardens of the curious. The 
10 th, 11th and 14th sorts, have large knobbed roots; these 
are propagated only by seeds, which seldom ripen in Eng¬ 
land, so that the seeds must be procured from abroad. These 
should be sown on an east-aspected border, where the morn¬ 
ing sun only comes; for if the seeds are exposed to the mid¬ 
day sun, they seldom succeed well. 
The other perennial sorts may be propagated by parting 
of the roots ; the best time for doing this is in autumn, when 
their stalks begin to decay ; for when they are removed in 
the spring, if the season should prove dry, their roots will 
not be sufficiently established to flower well the same year. 
SERRATUM, and Serrulatum, Folium, inBotany, [so 
called from serra, a saw, the teeth of -which are imitated in 
their margins], or serrate edged-leaf. 
SERRATUS, a name given to different muscles attached 
to the ribs. See Anatomy. 
SE'RRATURE, s. Indenture like teeth of saws.—These 
are serrated on the edges; but the serratures are deeper and 
grosser than in any of the rest. Woodward. 
SERRAVEZZA, Valle l>i, a valley in the grand duchy 
of Tuscany, about 10 miles from Carrara, containing quarries 
of white marble, whence Michael Angelo drew the materials 
for the Medici statues at Florence. 
SERRE, a river in the north-east of France, department 
of the Ardennes, which falls into the Oise, not far from La 
Fere. 
SERRE, a small town in the south-west of the kingdom 
of Naples, in the Principato Citra, with 1600 inhabitants; 
25 miles south-east of Salerno. 
SERRE, a river of Brazil, in the country of Matto-grosso, 
which runs north, and enters the Itenes. 
SERRE (I. A.), a miniature painter and musician of 
Geneva, who has analysed the “ Guida Armonica” of Ge- 
miniaui, the “ Basse fondamentale” of Rameau, and the 
Treatises of Tartini, with his discovery of the “ Terzo 
Suono." These celebrated works M. Serre has critically ex¬ 
amined in two ingenious essays, published in 1753 and 
1763, in which there are likewise many curious remarks on 
disputable points in the theory and practice of harmony, 
which will both amuse and instruct musical students. 
SERRE, [Fr.] close intervals in music, such as the en¬ 
harmonic quarter tones in the ancient Greek music ; and in 
French music, short and quick. 
SERRES (John de), a Protestant Minister, was born in 
the south of France, and studied at Lausanne. Having 
made himself known by various works, he became rector of 
the college of Nismes, and a minister of that city, and fie 
was employed on several important occasions by Henry IV.; 
that prince having asked Serres if it were possible for a 
person to be saved in the communion of the church of 
Rome, he answered in the affirmative, whence he has been 
accused of promoting Henry’s change of religion. Not¬ 
withstanding this decision, he was a warm controversalist 
against 
