132 S H 
decoctions of farinaceous vegetables, and copious drinking of 
cooling liquors. Arbuthnot. 
SHINGLES, a ridge of rocks on the coast of England, 
lying off the west corner of the Isle of Wight. 
SHINGLING, in the Iron-Works, in many parts of 
England, is the operation of hammering the sow, or cast- 
iron, into blooms. The tongs, used for holding the iron in 
this operation, are called shingling-tongs, and the iron to be 
thus wrought is called a loop. 
SHI'NINGNESS, s. Brightness; splendour. Scott. 
SHlNNEL, a romantic and picturesque stream of Scot¬ 
land, in the parish of Penpont, Dumfries-shire, which rises 
in the Black hill, on the confines of Kirkcudbrightshire, 
and, after a south-east course of some miles, joins its waters 
to the Scarr at Capenock. At the point of their union there 
is a remarkable ridge of precipitous rocks, over which the 
Shinnel rushes with the greatest impetuosity. 
SHINTON, a parish of England, in Salop; 2£ miles 
north-by-west of Much Wenlock. 
SHI'NY, ctdj. Bright; splendid ; luminous. 
When Aldeboran was mounted high, 
Above the shiny Cassiopei’s chair. 
One knocked at the door, and in would fare. Spenser. 
The night 
Is shiny, and they say we shall embattle 
By the second hour o’ the mom. Shalcspeare. 
SHIOBERT EL YEMENI, a village of Lower Egypt, 
on the right bank of the Nile; 8 miles south-east of Mehal- 
let Kibeer. 
SHIP, s. [fcip, Sax.; schiff'. Germ,] A large vessel 
moved on the water by sails. Some, indeed, have lately 
ventured to use the term steam-ship; but this idea of the 
word does not seem likely to become general. 
-All my followers to the eager foe 
Turn back and fly like ships before the wind. Shahspeare. 
Ships are of various kinds; they differ both as to form 
and dimensions. The chief division arises, however, out of 
the use to which they are applied; namely, into ships of 
war and merchant vessels. Our men-of-war were formerly 
of all sorts of shapes and sizes, scarcely any two ships being 
perfectly similar in all their parts; so that parts of the one 
never would be available for the wants of the other. Lat¬ 
terly, the importance of uniformity has been perceived, and 
it has been resolved to make nearly all ships, of a particular 
rate, on the same model. We have, at present, six kinds of 
ships of war 
The 1st rate includes all three-deckers, in as much as all 
sea going ships of that description carry 100 guns and up¬ 
wards : furnished with 900, 850 or 800 men.—The 2d rate 
includes all ships of 80 guns and upwards, on two decks : 
700 or C50 men.—The 3d rate includes all ships of 70 guns 
and upwards, and less than 80 guns: C50 or 600 men.— 
The 4th rate includes all ships of 50 guns and upwards, but 
less than 70 guns: 450 or 350 men.—The 5th rate includes 
all ships from 36 to 50 guns: 300 or 280 men.—The 6 th 
rate includes all ships from 24 to 36 guns: 175, 145 or 125 
men.—Of sloops, the complements established according to 
their size, to consist of 135, 125, 95 or 75 men.—Brigs, 
not sloops, cutters, schooners, and bombs, with 60 or 50 
men. 
Besides the different kinds of ships abovementioned, which 
are denominated from the purpose for which they are em¬ 
ployed, vessels have also, in general, been named according 
to the different manner of rigging them. It would be an end¬ 
less, and at the same time an unnecessary task, to enumerate 
all the different kinds of vessels with respect to their rigging ; 
ind, therefore, a few only are here taken notice of. Fig. 1. 
PI. I. is a ship which would be converted into a bark by 
stripping the mizen-mast of its yards and the sails belonging 
to them. If each mast, its corresponding top-mast and top¬ 
gallant-mast, instead of being composed of separate pieces 
of wood, were all of one continued piece, then this vessel, 
I P. 
with very little alteration, would be a polacre. Fig. 2. re¬ 
presents a snow ; fig. 3. a bilander; fig. 4. a brig; fig. 5. 
a ketch; fig. 6 . a schooner; fig. 7. a sloop; fig. 8 . a 
zebec; fig. 9. a galliot. PI. II. fig. 1. a dogger; fig. 2. a 
galley under sail; fig. 3. ditto, rowing. 
Of the Parts of a Ship. 
We shall divide our description of a ship into two heads: 
—First, That concerning the parts for the propulsion of the 
vessel; namely, the masts, sails, rigging, &c. Secondly, 
the floating and carrying part or body of the vessel. In a 
ship with three masts, the mast nearest the head of the vessel 
is called the fore-mast, the hindmost is called the mizen- 
mast, the middle one of the three the main-mast. By re¬ 
ference to the annexed plate, it will be seen, that each c/f 
these is again divided into three parts, of which the lowest 
is called the lower-mast, the middle the top mast, and the 
highest the top-gallant-mast; a fourth part, called a royal- 
mast, has been superadded to these; but it is now disused. 
Some masts, called pole-masts, are made of one entire piece, 
but still have all of these divisions. 
The three parts of a mast are secured to each other by 
caps, a, a, a (fig. 1. PI. Ill), and by blocks, b, b, b; to 
which are attached the trussle trees. 
The long poles that run horizontally across the masts, are 
called yards; and these take their name from the mast to 
which they are attached, as, lower fore-yard, main top-sail- 
yard, royal yard, &c. When a yard is suspended against 
its mast, the halves into which it is divided by the intersec¬ 
tion of that mast, is called the yard-arm. 
The large beam protruding from the fore-part of the ship, 
is denominated the bowsprit; it has attached to it the jib- 
boom. And both these parts have yards. 
Of the Sails. —Twelve square sails derive their names 
from these masts. Thus: the principal sail extended upon 
the main-mast, is called the main-sail, or main-course, 1, 
(fig. 4. PI. II.) That upon the main-topmast is termed the 
main-topsail, 2 : that upon the main-topgallant mast is 
named the main-topgallant sail, 3 : and the main-topgal¬ 
lant royal, 4, is so called from its being spread athwart the 
head of the main-topgallant mast. The fore-sail, or fore¬ 
course, 5, is so denominated from the fore-mast; the fore- 
topsail, 6, from the fore-top-mast; the fore-topgallant sail, 
7, from the fore-topgallant mast; and the fore-topgallant 
royal, 8 , from its being spread on the upper part of the fore¬ 
topgallant mast. The mizen-course, 9, from the mizen- 
mast; the mizen -topsail, 10 , from the mizen-topmast; the 
mizen-topgallant sail, 11 , from the mizen-topgallant mast; 
and the mizen-topgallant royal, 12 , from its being spread 
on the upper part of the mizen-topgallant mast. The main- 
staysail, 1 (fig. 5.), from the main-staysail-stay; the main- 
topmast-staysail, 2, from the main-topmast-preventer-stay ; 
the middle staysail, 3, from the middle staysail-stay; and 
the mam-topgallant-staysail, 4, from the main-topgallant- 
staysail-stay. These staysails are between the main and 
fore-masts. The stay.sails before the fore-mast, are, the /ore- 
staysail , 5, the fore topmast-naysaid, 6 , and jib, 7. East 
India ships have two jibs. The staysails between the main 
and mizen-masts, are, the w/fzcn-staysail, 8 , the mizen-top- 
mast- staysail, 9, and sometimes a mizen-topgallant-stay- 
sail, 10, above the latter. The sails under the bowsprit, are, 
the sprit-sail, or course, 13, and that under the jib-boom, 
the sprit-topsail, 14. The driver, or spanker-sail, 11, 
is hoisted abaft the mizen-mast. The studding-sails, be¬ 
ing extended beyond the different yards of the main and fore¬ 
masts, are likewise named according to their stations. Those 
to the fore-mast, are, the fore-fower-studding-sail, 15, fore- 
/o/wm.s/-studding-sail, 16, fore-top-gallant -studding-sail, 
17. Those to the paain-mast, are, the lower wmA-sludding- 
sail, 18, 7 »rt»?-riywnKGstudding-sail, 19, and ma in-top- 
ga/lant-siudding-sai], 20. The scare thesails generally used 
to vessels of three masts. 
The sails of a vessel of two masts, are, in a snow, similar 
to those on the fore and main-masts of a ship, except the sail 
called 
