S 0 u 
sou 
371 
Expressing discontent. 
Sullen and sour, with discontented mien 
Jocasta frown’d. Pope. 
SOUR, s. Acid substance. 
A thousand sours to temper with one sweet. 
To make it seem more dear and dainty. Spenser. 
To SOUR, v. a. To make acid. 
Thus kneaded up with milk, the new made man, 
His kingdom o’er his kindred world began; 
Till knowledge misapplied, misunderstood. 
And pride of empire, sour'd his balmy blood. Dri/den. 
To make harsh, or unkindly.—Tufts of grass sour land. 
Mortimer. —To make uneasy; to make less pleasing. 
Hail, great king! 
To sour your happiness, I must report 
The queen is dead. S/iakspeare. 
To make discontented. 
Not my own disgrace 
Hath ever made me sour my patient cheek, 
Or bend one wrinkle on my sovereign’s face. Shakspeare. 
To SOUR, v. n. To become acid.—Asses milk, when it 
sours in the stomach, and whey, turned sour, will purge 
strongly. Arbuthnot. —To grow peevish or crabbed.—-They 
keep out melancholy from the virtuous, and hinder the 
hatred of vice from souring into severity. Addison. 
SOURA, a village of Irak Arabi, on the Euphrates; 153 
miles north-west of Bassora. 
SOURABAYA, a large and flourishing town of Java, on 
t*he north-eastern coast, and capital of a district of the same 
name, situated at the mouth of a navigable river, If mile 
from the sea shore. The river once emptied itself into a 
marsh close to the town; but of late years, a bank nearly a 
mile in length, .on which is a path-way for tracking boats, 
confines its course, and greatly adds to its depth and current. 
The river separates the European part of the town from that 
of the Chinese and the native quarter. A fine bridge, with 
draw-chains to raise it up for the passage of vessels, connects 
the European town with that of the natives. The houses are 
very good, and some are elegant, particularly the newly 
erected country seats of private individuals. The house at 
Simpang, where the British resident dwells, is a fine large 
building, close to the river; and near to it the general hos¬ 
pital is an attracting object. This structure is about two 
miles from the town, situated on the banks of the river; and 
for elegance, extent, and commodiousness, has scarcely its 
equal. In proportion as the neighbouring town of Gressie 
has fallen into decay, the new town of Sourabaya has risen 
rapidly in population and prosperity ; and the improvement 
which it has experienced within these few years is astonish¬ 
ing. A fine arsenal, and other extensive works, calculated 
for equipments on a very large scale, were formed by General 
Daendels at this place. Here guns are cast, and carriages of 
all descriptions constructed. Vessels also, with their various 
appointments, are built and equipped at Sourabaya, in the 
neighbourhood of which are considerable forests, from 
whence plenty of timber is easily procured, which is floated 
down the river Calimas, that takes its rise, as it is said, frotn 
a large inland lake encircled with high mountains. A mint 
is likewise at work here, on a new silver and copper coinage. 
The new goverment house at Sourabaya, begun by Daendels, 
was designed to be a splendid edifice, and, like that of Wel- 
tervreeden, was to have contained the various public, offices 
collectively, instead of being scattered, as hitherto, all over a 
sickly town; but the foundation of the front range having 
sunk, and endangered the building, it has been abandoned, 
and that part which continues firm has been converted into 
store-rooms. 
Sourabaya is situated within that narrow strait which is 
formed by the islands of Java and Madura, approaching each 
other to within a very short distance, in some places not 
above 83 fathoms, for a space of about 10 or 15 miles. 
The channel of this strait is not of easy navigation, and is 
marked with buoys; and it is besides defended by batteries. 
The mouth of the river on which Sourabaya is situated, is 
defended by Fort Calimas, a circular battery mounting 40 
guns, placed on a rising spot, on the east side of the river. 
This battery has a commanding sweep across the strait of 
Madura, which is narrowest here, being opposite to the 
south-west end of the island of that name. It was intended, 
under the Dutch government, to have erected Sourabaya into 
a port of consequence, for their trade to the eastward of Java; 
and with this view General Daendels expended large sums 
in the construction of works for the defence of the harbour. 
The eastern entrance into the straits of Madura being im¬ 
passable for very large ships, the batteries there are still 
incomplete; but the north-western entrance is defended by 
Fort Ludowyk, standing at the extremity of an island or 
mud bank projecting into the channel, about 1400 yards 
from the island of Manarie; but the bank is not visible, even 
at low water. Fort Ludowyk is distant from Gressie about 
six, and from Point Panka five miles, and is situated imme¬ 
diately on the narrow winding channel, by which alone 
large ships can enter. It presents, low on the water, a very 
formidable battery, a hundred pieces of the finest ordnance, 
mounted on traversing carriages, besides some heavy mortars. 
The foundation for the fort was formed by sinking rocks, 
and raised to its present elevation by means of stones and 
earth brought from the neighbouring land, and kept in by 
large piles of wood driven round. The approach is defended 
by rows of strong piles driven into the bottom of the sea, 
at the distance of 60 or 70 feet from the ramparts, and form¬ 
ing a close palisade all round, which prevents the passage 
of boats, and effectually guards against a coup-dc-main, or 
escalade. The barracks, which are built of bamboo, plas¬ 
tered over and white-washed, may lodge 800 men. The 
ordnance stores, however, are greatly exposed, having no 
bomb-proof magazines ; and the water required for the gar¬ 
rison is brought from Sourabaya, nearly 20 miles distant, by 
means of floating tanks, which, being often delayed by 
contrary winds in the western monsoon, the garrison is 
sometimes put to great distress. General Daendels intended 
to have connected Fort Ludowyk with the island of Manarie 
by a causeway, which was to have been erected on the inter¬ 
mediate ocean. The principal depot for the garrison was to 
have been established on Manarie; and difficult as the 
undertaking might have been, the marshal felt the importance 
of this post so much, as affording an effectual security against 
the attacks of the British navy, especially after the destruction 
of the Dutch shipping in the harbour of Gressie, by Sir 
Edward Pellew, in 1806, that he resolved to spare no efforts 
in rendering this passage impenetrable by an enemy, and 
thus making the straits of Madura the grand port and naval 
depot of his nation in the east. The anchorage for large 
ships is off the town of Gressie, till within one mile to the 
north-west of the mouth of the Calimas river, which runs 
through Sourabaya; but vessels going to that place require 
pilots to carry them through the straits. 
The roads and avenues round Sourabaya are delightful. 
The ground is rather low, being chiefly cultivated with rice, 
interspersed with cocoa-nut and other fruit trees. The 
country about Sourabaya is considered much healthier than 
most other parts of the sea coast; and the district through¬ 
out is exceedingly populous, and highly productive. The 
land rental of the district of Sourabaya, while it was in the 
possession of the British, amounted to about 97,558/. ster¬ 
ling. The ships destined for the Philippine islands and 
China usually touch at Sourabaya, where every refreshment 
except good vegetables is to be procured in abundance. 
Lat. 7. 14£. S. long. 112. 55. E. 
SOURAN, a village of Korassan, in Persia ; 255 miles 
north of Herat. 
SOURATAN IIOUTCHIN, a town of Chinese Tartary, 
in the country of the Mongols. Lat. 43. 54. N. long. 114. 
34. E. 
SOURCE, s. [source , Fr.] Spring; fountain; head.— 
King 
