391 
SOU 
manufactures. At present there are scarcely any families 
employed in agriculture; and the population is nearly 
doubled. For farther information regarding Southwark, 
see London. 
SOUTHWEALD, a village and parish of England, in 
Essex, situated on an eminence which commands an extensive 
prospect. Population 1010; 4 miles from Rumford, and 
16 east-north-east of London. 
SOUTHWELL, a market town of England, in the 
county of Nottingham, situated on a gentle eminence, on the 
banks of the little river Greet, which is much celebrated for 
its red trout. It stands on a fertile soil, and in a well 
wooded country, inclosed by an amphitheatre of swelling 
hills. The town was formerly much more extensive than at 
present, and the foundations of a whole street are said to 
have been, at different times, observed in the immediate 
vicinity. As the hamlets of East and West Thorpe, which 
are contiguous to Ihe town, appear to form part of it, and go 
under the same name, it has still the appearance of a pretty 
large but scattered country place. It is divided into two 
parts, civil and ecclesiastical. The former, called the Bur¬ 
gage or Burridge, comprehends all the space between the 
market-place and the river Greet; and the latter, called the 
Prebendage, includes the collegiate church and its property. 
This church forms the most interesting object in the town, 
and has been long celebrated for its antiquity, and for the 
beauty and variety of its architecture. It consists of a nave, 
with two aisles, two towers at the west end, a transept, a 
choir with aisles, and a chapter house. The extreme length 
from east to west is 306 feet, the width of the transept from 
north to south is 121 feet, and the breadth of the nave 59 
feet. The foundation of the church is generally ascribed to 
Paulinus, archbishop of York, who was sent by pope Gre¬ 
gory, by the advice of St. Augustine, to establish Christianity 
in Britain, in the year 627. During a succession of ages it 
was patronized and liberally endowed by monarchs and 
nobles, and protected by the decrees of popes, and the re¬ 
gulations of various prelates, until it shared the fate of other 
collegiate establishments, in the reign of Henry VIII. It was 
notwithstanding, in the same reign, declared by act of par¬ 
liament, the mother church of Nottinghamshire. In Ed¬ 
ward’s reign the chapter was dissolved and granted to the 
duke of Northumberland, but was restored by queen Mary 
to the archbishop and chapter. It suffered much in the 
civil wars, and has not yet recovered the damage done by 
Cromwell’s troops, who converted it into a stable for horses. 
The architecture of this church is Saxon, and, generally 
speaking, the great mass of the building has sustained little 
alteration except in some of the windows, whose Saxon 
arches have given place to the Gothic pointed style of the 
14th century. There is still a tradition that the oldest part, 
which is pure Saxon, and where the pillars are large, plain 
and singularly massive, was built in the short reign of 
Harold; and, on the whole, there is little doubt that, ex¬ 
cepting St. Augustine’s at Canterbury, this is the oldest 
building now in existence in the kingdom. The entrance is 
by a Gothic gateway, from which there is a direct view of 
the west front, with the chapter-house on the left, and some 
round monastic buildings on the right. At the entrance by 
the western door, the appearance of the interior very much 
resembles Rochester cathedral; but in the screen at the en¬ 
trance of the choir, the plainness of the Saxon architecture 
gives place to the richness and elegance of the Gothic of the 
14th century. The chapter-house is a very beautiful struc¬ 
ture. The exterior does not boast much profusion of orna¬ 
ment, but the interior is much superior, and the arch of 
entrance forms a most striking object, and is not perhaps 
equalled by any thing of the kind in the kingdom. Of the 
tombs in this church is a large one of alabaster, to archbishop 
Sandys. In the church-yard was a college for the chauntry 
priests, of which there are some remaius. The square build¬ 
ing called the chauntry has lately been taken down, and an 
excellent house and school erected on the same ground. 
The whole establishment of the college now consists of 16 
SOU 
prebendaries, 6 vicars-choral, 1 organist, and other officers. 
Two fellowships and two scholarships, in St. John’s College, 
Cambridge, are the presentation of Southwell college. They 
were founded by Dr. Reton, canon of Salisbury, in the time 
of Henry VIII. The Archbishop of York had formerly a 
palace here, situated on the south side of the church-yard, 
and which was once a large and elegant building; the ruins 
of it are still extensive, and being overshadowed with ivy, 
and embosomed among trees, they form a great ornament to 
the place. The archiepiscopal parks were once four in 
number, but these have been divided and inclosed since the 
destruction of the palace in the civil wars of Charles I., 
during which the king was often here, and the town fre¬ 
quently experienced the fate of war. On the north side of 
the church-yard is a very convenient public walk, made in 
1784, and well shaded from the weather on every side. 
Another building in the town deserving of notice is the 
county bridewell, which is used as a prison for the various 
manors belonging to the archbishopric within the county. 
It was built in 1656, and in 1787 many additions were 
made to it, together with the walls that surround it. It 
stands on the slope of a gentle hill, close to the burgage 
green, in an airy and healthful situation. This prison, now- 
called the Nottinghamshire house of correction, received 
considerable additions to its size during the years 1820-22. 
and is capable of containing more than 100 prisoners, 
and generally is nearly filled, being a house of correction for 
the whole county. It is under the immediate direction of 
county magistrates, who are appointed visiting justices, a 
resident governor, a surgeon, chaplain and turnkeys. The 
admirable adaptation of the structure, and the excellent regu¬ 
lations and discipline of the whole establishment, are highly 
and warmly spoken of by those who are competent 
judges. Southwell possesses no trade of any consequence. 
The civil government of the town is divided between the 
clergy and the laity ; the former ruling over the Prebendage, 
and the latter over the Burgage. Its civil jurisdiction ex¬ 
tends over 20 towns or villages; its ecclesiastical over 28. 
The civil administration is held at Southwell and Scrooby, 
by the justices, who are nominated by the archbishop, but 
act under a commission from the crown. The chapter, in 
the person of their vicar-general, exercise all the episcopal 
functions except ordination and confirmation. Southwell is 
a place of great antiquity, and is thought to have been a 
Roman station. Market on Saturday, and an annual fair on 
Whit-Monday ; 14 miles north-east of Nottingham, and 132 
north-north-west of London. Lat. 53. 5. N. long. 0. 
58. W. 
SO'UTH-WEST, s. Point between the south and west; 
winter sun-set.—The planting of trees warm upon a wall 
against the south, or south-east sun, doth hasten their coming 
on and ripening; and the south-east is found to be better 
than the south-west , though the south-west be the hotter 
coast. Bacon. 
SOUTH-WEST BAY, a bay on the south-west coast of 
Tavai Poenammoo, between Cape South and Cape West. 
SOUTH-WEST CAPE, a cape on the south coast of 
New Holland, in the South Pacific Ocean, north-west of 
South Cape. Lat. 43. 32. S. long. 146. 7. E. 
SOUTH-WEST ISLES, seven small islands, of which 
Kissier is the chief, dependant on the Banda islands, lying 
to the soulh-west of them all. They are low, and sur¬ 
rounded by shoals and rocks. The natives have been repre¬ 
sented as a ferocious, savage and perfidious people, re¬ 
sembling those of New Guinea, and being an intermediate 
race between the Papuas or aborigines of that country, and 
the Caffres of Africa. Their number in 1796 is said to have 
amounted to 36,266, of whom 2322 had been converted to 
Christianity. The Dutch had an establishment for com¬ 
mercial purposes on these islands, which produce sandal¬ 
wood, and afford some venison and slaves. 
SOUTH-WEST POINT, a cape on the south-west coast 
of the island of Anticosti. Lat. 49. 25. N. long. 63. 4. W. 
SOUTH-WEST POINT. See Kingston. 
SOUTHWICH, 
