SPAIN. 
406 
expulsion did not entirely take place till the 17th century. 
Vast numbers of the Moors, indeed, oppressed by their 
conquerors, abandoned a country where they could not 
reside with comfort and with freedom. From the reign of 
Ferdinand of Castile, to that of Philip III. of Spain, more 
than 3,000,000 of those people emitted Spain, and carried 
with them, not only a great part of their acquired wealth, 
but that industry and love of labour which are the founda¬ 
tion of national prosperity. 
The state of Spain has never been so flourishing at any 
period of its civilization, as during the period when it was 
chiefly possessed by the Moors. The first Saracen invaders, 
and the twenty successive lieutenants of the caliphs of Da¬ 
mascus, were attended by a numerous train of civil and 
military followers, who preferred a distant fortune to narrow 
circumstances at home; private and public interest was 
promoted by the establishment of faithful colonies, aud the 
cities of Spain were proud to commemorate the tribe or the 
country of their eastern progenitors. Ten years after the 
conquest, a map of the province was presented to the caliph, 
shewing the seas, the rivers, and the harbours, the inha¬ 
bitants and cities, the climate, the soil, and the mineral 
productions of the earth. In the space of two centuries, 
the gifts of nature were improved by agriculture, the manu¬ 
factures, and the commerce of an industrious people; though 
the effects of their diligence have been magnified by the 
idleness of their fancy. The first of the Ommiades who 
reigned in Spain, solicited the support of the Christians; 
and in his edict of peace and protection, he contents him¬ 
self with a modest imposition of 10,000 ounces of gold, 
10,000 pounds of silver, 10,000 horses, as many mules, 
1000 cuirasses, with an equal number of helmets and lances. 
The most powerful of his successors derived from the same 
kingdom the annual tribute of 12,045,000 dinars or pieces 
of gold, about 6,000,000/. of sterling money; a sum which, 
in the 10th century, most probably surpassed the united 
revenues of the Christian monarchs. His royal seat of Cor¬ 
dova contained 600 mosques, 900 baths, and 200,000 
houses; he gave laws to 80 cities of the first, to 300 of the 
second and third order; and the fertile banks of the Guadal¬ 
quivir were adorned with 12,000 villages and hamlets. The 
Arabs might exaggerate the truth; but they created and 
they describe the most prosperous era of the riches, the cul¬ 
tivation, and the populousness of Spain. 
The conquest of Granada was followed by the expulsion, 
or rather the pillage and banishment, of the Jews, who had 
engrossed all the wealth and commerce of Spain. The 
inquisition exhausted its rage against these unhappy people, 
many of whom pretended to embrace Christianity, in order 
to preserve their property. About the same time their 
Catholic majesties concluded an alliance with the emperor 
Maximilian, and a treaty of marriage for their daughter 
Joan with his son Philip, archduke of Austria and sovereign 
of the Netherlands. About this lime also the contract was con¬ 
cluded with Christopher Columbus for the discovery of new 
countries; and the counties of Rousillon and Cerdagne were 
agreed to be restored by Charles VIII of France, before his 
expedition into Italy. The discovery of America was soon 
followed by extensive conquests in that quarter, as is re¬ 
lated under the articles Mexico, Peiiu, &c., which 
tended to raise the Spanish monarchy above any other in 
Europe. 
On the death of Isabella, which happened in 1506, Philip 
archduke of Austria came to Castile in order to take pos¬ 
session of that kingdom, as heir to his mother-in-law; but 
he dying in a short time after, his son Charles V., afterwards 
emperor of Germany, became heir to the crown of Spain. 
His father at his death left the king of France governor to 
the young prince, and Ferdinand at his death left Cardinal 
Ximenes sole regent of Castile, till the arrival of his grand¬ 
son. This man, whose character is no less singular than 
illustrious, who united the abilities of a great statesman with 
the abject devotion of a superstitious monk, and the magni¬ 
ficence of a prime minister with the severity of a men¬ 
dicant, maintained order and tranquillity in Spain, not¬ 
withstanding the discontents of a turbulent and high-spirited 
nobility. 
Three years after his accession, Charles was elected em¬ 
peror of Germany, and the first act of his administration 
was to appoint a diet of the empire, to be held at Worms, in 
order to concert with the princes proper measures for check¬ 
ing the progress of “ those new and dangerous opinions 
which threatened to disturb the peace of Germany, and to 
overturn the religion of their ancestors.” 
The Spaniards, dissatisfied with the departure of their 
sovereign, whose election to the empire they foresaw would 
interfere with the administration of his own kingdom, and 
incensed at the avarice of the Flemings, to whom the direction 
of public affairs had been committed since the death of Cardi¬ 
nal Ximenes, several grandees, in order to shake otf this oppres¬ 
sion, entered into an association, to which they gave the name 
of the Sancta Juncta; and the sword was appealed to as 
the means of redress. This seemed to Francis of France 
a favourable juncture for reinstating the family of John d’Al¬ 
bert in the kingdom of Navarre. Charles was at a distance 
from that part of his dominions, and the troops usually sta¬ 
tioned there had been called away to quell the commotions 
in Spain. A French army, under Andrew deFoix, speedily 
conquered Navarre; but that young and inexperienced no¬ 
bleman, pushed on by military ardour, ventured to enter 
Castile. .The Spaniards, though divided among themselves, 
united against a foreign enemy, routed his forces, took him 
prisoner, and recovered Navarre in a shorter time than he had 
spent in subduing it. 
Hostilities thus begun in one quarter, between the rival 
monarchs, soon spread to another. The king of France 
encouraged the duke of Bouillon to make war against the 
emperor, and to invade Luxembourg. Charles, after hum¬ 
bling the duke, attempted to enter France; but was repelled 
and worsted before Mezieres by the famous Chevalier Bayard, 
distinguished among his cotemporaries by the appellation of 
The Knight without fear and without reproach; and who 
united the talents of a great general to the punctilious honour 
and romantic gallantry of the heroes of chivalry. Francis 
broke into the Low Countries, where, by an excess of caution, 
an error not natural to him, he lost an opportunity of cutting 
off the whole imperial army; and, what was of still more 
consequence, he disgusted the constable Bourbon, by 
giving the command of the. van to the duke of Alen. 
§on. 
During these operations in the field, an unsuccessful 
congress was held at Calais, under the mediation of Henry 
VIII. It served only to exasperate the parties which it was 
intended to reconcile. A league was soon after concluded, 
by the intrigues of Wolsey, between the pope, Henry, and 
Charles, against France. Leo had already entered into a 
separate league with the emperor, and the French were fast 
losing ground in Italy. 
The insolence and exactions of Marechal de Lautrec, gover¬ 
nor of Milan, had totally alienated the affections of the 
Milanese from France. They resolved to expel the troops 
of that nation, and put themselves under the government of 
Francis Sforza, brother to Maximilian their late duke. In 
this resolution, they were encouraged by the .pope, who ex¬ 
communicated Lautrec, and took into his pay a considerable 
body of Swiss. The papal army, commanded by Prosper 
Colonna, an experienced general, was joined by supplies 
from Germany and Naples; w'hile Lautrec, neglected by his 
court and deserted by the Swiss in its pay, was unable to 
make head against the enemy. The city of Mdan was be¬ 
trayed by the inhabitants to the confederates; Parma and 
Placentia were united to the ecclesiastical state; and of their 
conquests in Lombardy, only the town of Cremona, the 
castle of Milan, and a few inconsiderable forts, remained in 
the hands of the French. 
Leo X. received the accounts of this rapid success with 
such transports of joy, as are said to have brought on a fever, 
which occasioned his death. 
And now much discord prevailed in the conclave. By an 
unexpected turn of fortune, Cardinal Adrian of Utrecht* 
Charles’s 
