409 
SPAIN. 
of delivering his dominions from the dangerous neighbour- He instantly renewed his claim to it; and if he had ordered 
hood of Barbarossa, of appearing as the protector of an un- his army immediately to advance, he might have made him- 
fortunate prince, and of acquiring the glory annexed in that self master of it. But he unfortunately wasted his time in 
age to every expedition against the Mahometans, the emperor fruitless negociations, while his more politic rival took pos- 
readily concluded a treaty with Muley Hassan, and set sail session of the duchy as a vacant fief of the empire; and 
for Tunis with a formidable armament. The Goletta, a though Charles seemed still to admit the equity of Francis’s 
sea-port town, fortified with 300 pieces of cannon, was claim, he delayed granting the investiture under various pre¬ 
taken, together with all Barbarossa’s fleet: he was defeated fences, and was secretly taking every possible measure to 
in a pitched battle, and 10,000 Christian slaves, having prevent him from regaining footing in Italy, 
knocked off their fetters, and made themselves masters of the But if misfortunes had rendered Francis too diffident, suc- 
citadel, Tunis was preparing to surrender. But while Charles 
was deliberating on the conditions, his troops fearing that 
they would be deprived of the booty which they had ex¬ 
pected, broke suddenly into the town, and pillaged and 
massacred without distinction. T.'iirty thousand persons 
perished by the sword, and 10,000 were made prisoners. 
The sceptre was restored to Muley Hassan, on condition 
that he should acknowledge himself a vassal of the crown of 
Spain, put into the emperor’s hands all the fortified sea-ports 
in the kingdom of Tunis, and pay annually 12,000 crowns 
for the subsistence of the Spanish garrison in the Goletta. 
These points being settled, and 20,000 Christian slaves freed 
from bondage either by arms or by treaty, Charles returned 
to Europe, where his presence was become necessary; while 
Barbarossa, who had retired to Bona, recovered new strength, 
and again became the tyrant of the ocean. 
The king of France took advantage of the emperor’s ab¬ 
sence to revive his pretensions in Italy. The treaty of Cam- 
v bray had repressed but not extinguished the flames of discord. 
Francis in particular, who waited only for a favourable 
opportunity of recovering the territories and reputation 
which he had lost, continued to negociate against his rival 
with different courts. But all his negociations were discon¬ 
certed by unforeseen accidents. The death of Clement VII. 
(whom he had gained by marrying his son the duke of Or¬ 
leans, afterwards Henry II., to Catharine of Medici, the 
niece of that pontiff), deprived him of all the support which 
he hoped to receive from the court of Rome. The king of 
England, occupied with domestic cares and projects, de¬ 
clined engaging in the affairs of the continent; and the 
Protestant princes, associated by the league of Smalkalde, 
to whom Francis had also applied, and who seemed disposed 
at first to listen to him, filled with indignation and resent¬ 
ment at the cruelty with which some of their reformed bre¬ 
thren had been treated in France, refused to have any con¬ 
nection with the enemy of their religion. 
Francis, though unsupported by any ally, commanded 
his army to advance towards the frontiers of Italy, under 
pretence of chastising the duke of Milan for a breach of the 
law of nations, in putting to death his ambassador. The 
operations of ' war, however, soon took a new direction. 
Instead of marching directly to the Milanese, Francis com¬ 
menced hostilities against the duke of Savoy, with whom he 
had cause to be dissatisfied, and on whom he had some 
claims; and before the end of the campaign, this feeble 
prince saw himself stripped of all his dominions, except the 
province of Piedmont. To complete his misfortunes, the 
city of Geneva, the sovereignty of which he claimed, and 
where the reformed opinions had already got footing, threw 
off his yoke; and its revolt drew along with it thq loss of the 
adjacent territory. 
In this extremity, the duke of Savoy saw no resource but 
in the emperor’s protection; and as his misfortunes were 
chiefly occasioned by his attachment to the imperial interest, 
he had a title to immediate assistance. But Charles, who 
was just returned from his African expedition, was not able 
to lend him the necessary support. His treasury was entirely 
drained, and he was obliged to disband his army till he 
could raise new supplies. Meantime, the death of Sforza, 
duke of Milan, entirely changed the nature of the war, and 
afforded the emperor full leisure to prepare for action. The 
French monarch’s pretext for taking up anns was at once 
cut off; but as the duke died without issue, all Francis’s 
rights to the duchy of Milan, which he had yielded only to 
Sforza and his descendants, returned to him in full force. 
Vol. XXIII. No. 1579. 
cess had made Charles too sanguine. He presumed on no¬ 
thing less than the subversion of the French monarchy; 
nay, he considered it as a certain event. Having chased the 
forces of his rival out of Piedmont and Savoy, he pushed 
forward at the head of 50,000 men, contrary to the advice 
of his most experienced ministers and generals, to invade the 
southern provinces of France; while two other armies were 
ordered to enter it, the one on the side of Picardy, the other 
on the side of Champagne. He thought it impossible that 
Francis could-resist so many unexpected attacks on such dif¬ 
ferent quarters; but he found himself mistaken. 
The French monarch fixed on the most effectual plan for 
defeating the invasion of a powerful enemy; and he pru¬ 
dently persevered in following it, though contrary to his 
own natural temper and to the genius of his people. He 
determined to remain altogether upon the defensive, and to 
deprive the enemy of subsistence, by laying waste the coun¬ 
try before them. The execution of this plan was committed 
to the mareschal Montmorency, its author, a man happily 
fitted for such a trust by the inflexible severity of his dispo¬ 
sition. He made choice of a strong camp, under the walls 
of Avignon, at the confluence of the Rhone and Durance, 
where he assembled a considerable army; while the king, 
with another body of troops, encamped at Valence, higher 
up the Rhone. Marseilles and Arles were the only towns he 
thought it necessary to defend; and each of these he fur¬ 
nished with a numerous garrison of his best troops. The 
inhabitants of the other towns were compelled to abandon 
their habitations: the fortifications of such places as might 
have afforded shelter to the enemy were thrown down; 
corn, forage, and provisions of every kind, were carried off 
or destroyed; the mills and ovens were ruined, and the wells 
filled up or rendered useless. 
After unsuccessfully investing Marseilles and Arles, after 
attempting in vain to draw Montmorency from his camp at 
Avignon, and not daring to attack it, Charles having spent 
two inglorious months in Provence, and lost one-half of his 
troops by disease or by famine, was under the necessity of 
ordering a retreat; and though he was some time in motion 
before the enemy suspected his intention, it was conducted 
with so much precipitation and disorder, as to deserve the 
name of a flight, since the light troops of France turned it 
into a perfect rout. The invasion of Picardy was not more 
successful: the imperial forces were obliged to retire without 
effecting any conquest of importance. 
Charles had no sooner conducted the shattered remains of 
his army to the frontiers of Milan, than he set out for Genoa; 
and unwilling to expose himself to the scorn of the Italians 
after such a reverse of fortune, he embarked directly for Spain. 
Meanwhile Francis gave himself up to that vain resent¬ 
ment which had formerly disgraced the prosperity of his 
rival. 
The parliament gave judgment, that Charles of Austria 
had forfeited, by rebellion and contumacy, the counties of 
Flanders and Artois, and declared these fiffs re-united to the 
crown of France, and Francis marched info the Low Coun¬ 
tries to execute the sentence pronounced by his parliament; 
but a suspension of arms took place, through the interposi¬ 
tion of the queens of France and Hungary, before any thing 
of consequence was effected: and this cessation of hostilities 
was followed by a truce, concluded at Nice, through the 
mediation of the reigning pontiff Paul III., of the family of 
Farnese, a man of a venerable character and pacific dispo¬ 
sition. 
Charles had soon farther cause to be sensible of his obli. 
5 M gations 
