SPAIN. 
411 
under different generals, and with different destinations. 
Nor was Charles wanting in his preparations. He and Henry 
a second time made an ideal division of the kingdom of 
France. But as the hostilities which followed terminated in 
nothing decisive, and were distinguished by no remarkable 
event except the battle of Cerisoles (gained by count d’En- 
guien over the imperialists, and in which 10,000 -of the 
emperor's best troops fell), at last Francis and Charles, 
mutually tired of harassing each other, concluded at Crespy 
a treaty of peace, in which the king of England was not 
mentioned; and from being implacable enemies, became 
once more, to appearance, cordial friends, and even allies by 
the ties of blood. 
The chief articles of this treaty were, that all the conquests 
which either party had made since the truce of Nice should 
foe restored ; that the emperor should give in marriage to the 
duke of Orleans, either his own eldest daughter, with the Low 
Countries, or the second daughter of his brother Ferdinand, 
with the investiture of the Milanese; that Francis should 
renounce all pretensions to the kingdom of Naples, as well as 
to the sovereignty of Flanders and Artois, and Charles give 
up his claim to the duchy of Burgundy; and that both should 
unite in making war against the Turks. 
The emperor was chiefly induced to grant conditions so 
advantageous to France, by a desire of humbling the Pro¬ 
testant princes in Germany. With the papal jurisdiction, 
he foresaw they would endeavour to throw off the imperial 
authority; and he determined to make his zeal for the for¬ 
mer a pretence for enforcing and extending the latter. How¬ 
ever, the death of the duke of Orleans before the consum¬ 
mation of marriage, disentangled the emperor from the most 
troublesome stipulation in the treaty of Crespy; and the 
French monarch, being still engaged in hostilities with 
England, was unable to obtain any reparation for the loss 
which he suffered by this unforeseen event. 1'hese hos¬ 
tilities, like those between Charles and Francis, terminated 
in nothing decisive. Equally tired of a struggle attended 
with no glory or advantage to either, the contending princes 
concluded, at Campe, near Ardies, a treaty of peace; in which 
it was stipulated, that France should pay the arrears due by 
former treaties to England. But these arrears did not exceed 
one-third of the sums expended by Henry on his military 
operations ; and Francis being in no condition to discharge 
them, Boulogne (a chargeable pledge) was left in the hands 
of the English, as a security for the debt. 
In consequence of the emperor’s resolution to humble the 
Protestant princes, he concluded a dishonourable peace with 
the Porte, stipulating that his brother Ferdinand should pay 
tribute for that part of Hungary which he still possessed; 
while the sultan enjoyed the imperial and undisturbed pos¬ 
session of all the rest. At the same time he entered into a 
league with pope Paul III., for the extirpation of heresy ; 
but in reality with a view to oppress the liberties of Germany. 
Here, however, his ambition met with a severe check ; for 
though he was successful at first, he was obliged in 1552 to 
conclude a peace with the Protestants on their own terms. 
By the peace concluded on this occasion the emperor lost 
Metz, Toul, and Verdun, which had formed the barrier of 
the empire on that quarter ; and therefore soon after put 
himself at the head of an army, in order to recover these 
three bishoprics. In order to conceal the destination of his 
army, he gave out, that he intended to lead it into Hungary, 
to second Maurice in his operations against the Infidels; 
and as that pretext failed him, when he began to advance 
towards the Rhine, he propagated a report that he was 
Inarching first to chastise Albert of Brandenburg, who had 
refused to be included in the treaty of Passau, and whose 
cruel exactions in that part of Germany called loudly for 
redress. 
The French, however, were not deceived by these arts. 
Henry immediately guessed the true object of Charles’s arma¬ 
ment, and resolved to defend his conquests with vigour. 
The defence of Metz, against which it was foreseen the 
whole weight of war would be turned, was committed to 
Francis of Lorraine, duke of Guise, who possessed in an emi¬ 
nent degree all the qualities that render men great in military 
command. He repaired with joy to the dangerous station ; 
and many of the French nobility, and princes of the blood, 
eager to distingush themselves under such a leader, entered 
Metz as volunteers. The city was of great extent, ill forti¬ 
fied, and the suburbs large. For all these defects the duke 
endeavoured to provide a remedy. He repaired the old for¬ 
tifications with all possible expedition, labouring with his 
own hands; the officers imitated his example; and the sol¬ 
diers, thus encouraged, cheerfully submitted to the most 
severe toils; he erected new works, and he levelled the 
suburbs with the ground. At the same time he filled the 
magazines with provisions and military stores, and compelled 
all useless persons to leave the place, and laid waste the 
neighbouring country ; yet such were his popular talents, as 
well as his arts of acquiring an ascendancy over the minds of 
men, that the citizens not only refrained from murmuring, 
but seconded him with no less ardour than the soldiers in all 
his operations—in the ruin of their estates, and in the havoc 
of their public and private buildings. 
Meanwhile the emperor continued his march towards Lor. 
raine, at the head of 60,000 men. On his approach Albert 
of Brandenburg, whose army did exceed 20,000 withdrew 
into that principality, as if he intended to join the French 
king; and Charles, notwithstanding the advanced season, it 
being towards the end of October, laid siege to Metz, con¬ 
trary to the advice of his most experienced officers. 
The attention of both the besiegers and the besieged was 
turned for some time towards the motions of Albert, who still 
hovered in the neighboured, undetermined which side to 
take, though resolved to sell his service. Charles at last 
came up to his price, and he joined the imperial army. The 
emperor now flattered himself that nothing could resist his 
force; but he found himself deceived. After a siege of 
almost sixty days, during which he had attempted all that 
was thought possible for art or valour to effect, and had lost 
upwards of 30,000 men by the inclemency of the weather, 
diseases, or the sword of the enemy, he was obliged to aban¬ 
don the enterprise. 
When the French sallied out to attack the enemy’s rear, 
the imperial camp was filled with the sick and wounded, 
with the dead and the dying. All the roads by which the 
army retired were strewed with the same miserable objects; 
who, having made an effort beyond their strength to escape, 
and not being able to proceed, were left to perish without 
assistance. Happily that, and all Ihe kind offices which 
their friends had not the power to perform, they received 
from their enemies. The duke of Guise ordered them all to 
be taken care of, and supplied with every necessary; he ap¬ 
pointed physicians to attend, and direct what treatment was 
proper for the sick and wounded, and what refreshments for 
the feeble ; and such as recovered he sent home, under an 
escort of soldiers, and with money to bear their charges. By 
these acts of humanity, uncommon in that age, the duke of 
Guise completed that heroic character which he had justly 
acquired by his brave and successful defence of Metz. 
The emperor’s misfortunes were not confined to Germany. 
During his residence at Villach, he had been obliged to bor¬ 
row 200,000 crowns of Cosmo de Medici; and so low was 
his credit, that he was obliged to put Cosmo in possession of 
the principality of Piombino as a security for that incon¬ 
siderable sum ; by which means he lost the footing he had 
hitherto maintained in Tuscany. Much about the same time 
he lost Sienna. The citizens, who had long enjoyed a 
republican government, rose against the Spanish garrison, 
which they had admitted as a check upon the tyranny of the 
nobility, but which they found was meant to enslave them; 
forgetting their domestic animosities, they recalled the exiled 
nobles; they demolished the citadel, and put themselves 
under the protection of France. 
To these unfortunate events one still more fatal had almost 
succeeded. The severe administration of the viceroy of 
Naples had filled that kingdom with murmuring and dissatis¬ 
faction. Tfie prince of Salerno, the head of the malcon¬ 
tents, fled to the court of France. The French monarch, 
after 
