SPA 
455 
SPA 
it was succeeded by the modern town of Misitra, which is 
situated about four miles from ancient Sparta. See Greece. 
SPARTA, a post township of the United States, in On¬ 
tario county, New York; 25 miles south-west of Canandaigua. 
Population 1397. 
SPARTA, a post township of the United States, in Sussex 
county. New Jersey. 
SPARTA, a post township of the United States, and capi¬ 
tal of Hancock county, Georgia. Population 314. 
SPARTACUS, one of the scourges of Roman tyranny and 
cruelty, a native of Thrace, was born of very low parents, 
entered the army, then became a deserter, and a robber. 
Being taken, he was confined as a gladiator in a receptacle at 
Capua for those unfortunate men whose lives were devoted to 
the pleasure of the Roman people. He escaped the horrid 
den, and placing himself at the head of a body of gladiators 
and fugitive slaves, he took a fortified place in the year be¬ 
fore Christ, 72, whence he made predatory excursions 
throughout Campania. His force daily increased, and he de¬ 
feated several commanders who were sent against him. He 
marched into Cisalpine Gaul, in order to give the slaves in 
his army, who where mostly Thracians and Gauls, an oppor¬ 
tunity of returning home. Part of them, however, greedy 
of pillage, separated themselves from their commander, and 
were cut to pieces. The consul Lentulus, upon this success, 
which was extremely partial, pursued Spartacus, who turned 
about and gave him a total defeat; and then, in his turn, be¬ 
coming the aggressor, he marched against the consul, Gellius, 
•drove him from the field, and obliged him to take shelter in 
the walled towns. He retaliated the cruelty of the Romans 
towards the gladiators by obliging a number of his captives 
to fight with each other round the funeral pyre of one of his 
commanders. He was now at the head of 120,000 men, and 
with these he ravaged most of the provinces of Italia, and 
struck such a terror at Rome, that Crassus, at that time the 
man of the greatest consequence in the city, was sent against 
him. He soon confined Spartacus in Lucania, and cut off 
some of his detachments, so that he would gladly have 
crossed over to Sicily, but being prevented, he took post in a 
peninsula near Rhegium, where Crassus enclosed him by a 
rampart drawn from sea to sea. Spartacus, however, found 
means to break through this barrier, and gain the open coun¬ 
try, but he was here deserted by a large body of his followers, 
who became the victims of Crassus. Spartacus now retreated 
towards the mountains, and repulsed with loss some of his 
pursuers. This success was, however, his ruin, for his men 
insisted upon his return to give battle to Crassus in the open 
field. Before the commencement of the engagement, Spar¬ 
tacus stabbed his horse, exclaiming, “ If I am victorious, I 
can easily get another; if vanquished, I shall not want any.” 
After a long contest, the Roman discipline prevailed. Spar¬ 
tacus, during extraordinary exertions of valour, was sur¬ 
rounded, and fell pierced with a multitude of wounds. He 
was unquestionably a brave man, and something more than a 
courageous barbarian. He had, says Plutarch, not only 
strength and elevation of mind, but a discernment, and civi¬ 
lity much superior to his fortune. It is said that his wife 
accompanied him into the field, pretended to the gift of pro¬ 
phecy, and probably inspired him with a fanatical confidence 
in victory. 
SPARTANBURG, a district of the United States, in the 
north part of South Carolina. Population 14,259, including 
2391 slaves. 
SPARTANBURG, a post township and capital of the 
United States, in Spartanburg district. South Carolina. 
SPARTEL, Cape, a promontory of Northern Africa, 
being the point which divides the straits of Gibraltar from 
the Atlantic. It is about 5 miles to the west of Tangier. 
SPARTIANUS (2Elius), a Latin historian, flourished in 
the time of Diocletian, to whom he dedicated the lives of 
Adrian, iElius, Verus, Didius Julianus, Severus, and Pescen- 
nius Niger, which, as well as his lives of Caracalla and Geta, 
are come down to our times. He is one of the writers of the 
“ Historic Augustse Scriptores,” but his merits are not very 
great. 
SPARTIVENTO, Cape, anciently called Herculis Pro - 
montorium, the most southern promontory of Italy, on the 
eastern extremity of Calabria Ultra. Lat. 37. 50. N. long. 
16. 28. E. 
SPARTIUM [Ss-apriov of Dioscorides: frutex ex cujus 
ramulis spartei funes contexuntur], in Botany, a genus of 
the class diadelphia, order decandria, natural order of 
papilionaceae, or leguminoseee.—Generic Character. Calyx: 
perianth one-leaved, cordate-tubular: at the upper edge 
very short; below towards the tip marked with five toothlets, 
coloured, small. Corolla papilionaceous; five-celled. 
Standard obcordate, the whole reflexed, very large. Wings 
ovate, oblong; shorter than the standard; annexed to the 
filaments. Keel two-petalled, lanceolate, oblong; longer 
than the wings; (the carinal margin connected by hairs), 
inserted into the filaments. Stamina: filaments ten, con¬ 
nate; adhering to the germ, unequal, gradually longer: 
the uppermost very short: the lower nine-cleft, Anthers 
oblongish. Pistil: germ oblong, hirsute. Style awl-shaped, 
rising. Stigma growing to the upper side of the top, oblong, 
villose. Pericarp: legume cylindric, long, obtuse, one- 
celled, two-valved. Seeds many; globe-kidney form.— 
Essential Character. Calyx produced downwards. Fila¬ 
ments adhering to the germ. Stigma longitudinal; villose 
above. 
]. Spartium contaminatum, or narrow-leaved broom. 
—Branches round; leaves alternate, filiform; stained at the 
base. Stem shrubby, rod-like; branched at the base, round, 
even.—Native of the Cape of Good Hope, in the sands. 
2. Spartium sepiarium, or hedge broom.—Branches 
rugged; upper leaves clustered filiform. Branches rugged 
with the fallen leaves. Racemes terminating. Flowers 
yellow.—Native of the Cape of Good Hope. 
3. Spartium junceum, or Spanish broom.—Branches 
opposite round, flowering at the top ; leaves lanceolate.— 
Spanish Broom is native of all the southern countries of 
Europe. There is a variety of it with double flowers, which 
is very unusual in his natural order. 
4. Spartium monospermum, or white-flowered, single-seeded 
broom.—-Branches round; striated, racemes few-flowered; 
flowers subaggregate ; leaves lanceolate, silky. —Native of 
Spain and Portugal 
5. Spartium sphaerocarpum, or yellow-flowered, single- 
seeded broom.—Branches round, straited; racemes many- 
flowered; flowers remote ; leaves lanceolate, sessile, pubescent 
beneath.—Native of the South of Europe; and of Barbary, 
near Mayane. 
6. Spartium purgans, or purging broom.—Branches 
round, straited; leaves lanceolate, subsesssile, pubescent.— 
Native of the South of France, the county of Nice, Arragon, 
and Japan. 
7. Spartium aphyllum, or leafless broom.—Branches 
round, straited, smooth rod-like; leaves very short; linear 
propped.—Found by Pallas, in the driving sand of the 
Wolga desert. 
8. Spartium virgatum, or twiggy broom.—Branches 
round, straited: leaves lanceolate-oblong, silky; calyxes, 
funnel-form, two-lipped, rough-haired, standard and keel 
pubescent.—Native of the island of Madeira. 
9. Spartium decumbens, or trailing broom.—Stem de¬ 
cumbent, branched; leaves solitary, ovate; flowers on long 
peduncles.—Found in Burgundy, and in part of Switzerland. 
10. Spartium scorpius, or scorpion broom.—Branches 
spiny, spreading; leaves ovate.—Native of the South of 
Europe, and of Barbary. 
11. Spartium aspaletoides.—Branchlets bowed, smooth, 
tubercled, flower-bearing; leaves linear-lanceolate; flowers 
axillary, pedicelled; calyx three-parted; corollas silky.— 
Native of Barbary, on the hills near La Calle. 
12. Spartium multiflorum, or Portugal white broom.—■ 
Leaves ternate and simple silky, shoots strict, striated; 
flowering on every side.—Native of the island of Madeira, 
13. Spartium angulatum, or angular-branched broom.— 
Leaves ternate and solitary; branches hexangular; flowering 
at the end.—Native of the Levant. 
14. Spartium 
