S Q U A L U S. 499 
the sides; teeth numerous, sharp, long, dilated at the base; 
the two hindmost spiracles are approximate; the vent is in 
the middle; the first dorsal fin is opposite the ventral; the 
anal is small; the tail is about a quarter as long as the 
body.—This species inhabits the American and Pacific 
seas, and is from one to five feet long; the body is coated 
with large flat shining scales; when young it is spotted with 
black. 
8 . Squalus barbatus.—The gape of the mouth is bearded 
with vermiform appendages. The head is large, depressed, 
and short; the teeth are lanceolate, in many rows; cirri 
unequal, about an inch and a half long, and branched before. 
The temporal orifice is large; vent in the middle; first 
dorsal opposite the vent; the tail subdivided.—It is found 
about the coasts of New Holland, and is from three to four 
feet long; the body is covered with small, hard, smooth, 
shining scales, and marked with black spots, round and 
angular, surrounded with a white circle. 
9. Squalus tigrinus.—Tail elongated; the two hindmost 
spiracles are confluent. The head of this species is broad, 
flat, and sloping on the fore-part; the mouth transverse, 
with two cirri; the upper lip is thick and prominent; the 
teeth are minute, those on the upper jaw are moveable, and 
rough like a rasp; the tongue is thick, short; the eyes are 
small, oblon'g, and the pupil is blue; the iris is black; 
belly broad ; pectoral fins short, broad; first dorsal opposite 
the ventral; the second is opposite the anal; the tail is com¬ 
pressed on each side, thin like a leaf at the end; the fin is 
long, and notched at the tip. It inhabits the Indian ocean, 
and grows to the length of fifteen feet; the body is thick, 
oblong, black, with irregular white spots and bands; feeds 
on testaceous animals and crabs. 
10. Squalus Africanus—Body with several parallel, longi¬ 
tudinal blackish bands above. This, as its specific name 
imports, is found in the African ocean, and is about two 
feet and a half long: the body is covered with minute sub¬ 
quadrate scales; above it is glaucous, beneath whitish. 
11. Squalus ocellatus. On each side of the neck is a 
large, round, black blotch, surrounded with white. It in¬ 
habits the Pacific ocean and New Holland, is two feet and a 
half long; the body is long, cinereous, dotted; beneath it is 
of a greenish-ash colour. 
12. Squalus zygsena.—Head very broad, hammer-shaped. 
—It inhabits the Mediterranean, American, and Indian seas; 
grows to six feet long, and to the weight of five hundred 
pounds ; it is the most voracious of all its tribe. 
13. Squalus tiburio.—The head is very broad, heart- 
shaped. It very much resembles the last, except that the 
head, instead of being widened on each side into a long 
process, is rather sub-triangular, and rounded off in front; 
the fins are glaucous.—It inhabits the South American 
seas. 
14. Squalus griseus.—Spiracles six on each side.—It in¬ 
habits the Mediterranean; is two feet and a half long ; the 
body is of a mouse colour, a little rough; in the dried skin 
there is the appearance of small scales, with an elevated line 
in the middle. 
15. Squalus vulpes, sea-fox, or long-tailed shark.—This 
species inhabits the Mediterranean sea, and often wanders on 
the British coast; is seven feet long; the body above is of a 
blueish-ash colour; beneath it is paler. The scales are very 
minute. This is a very voracious fish. It is distinguished by 
its plump, short, subovate body, and very long tapering tail; 
the head is small and pointed; the first dorsal fin is tri¬ 
angular, and placed on the middle of the back; the second 
is set above the beginning of the tail, which gradually tapers 
to the tip, and is furnished with a shallow fin or process be¬ 
neath, running from the base to the tip, which is sharp and 
slightly bilobate; the pectoral fins are of considerable size, 
the eyes are large; the mouth small; the teeth triangular, 
small, and disposed in three rows. The colour of the fish is 
dusky ash above, and whitish beneath. It grows to the 
length of thirteen or fourteen feet; the tail measures more 
than half the length of the whole animal. This is considered 
as a very voracious and artful fish; but the name of sea-fox is 
applied to it rather from the length of its tail than from its 
supposed sagacity. 
16. Squalus longicaudus.—Upper jaw with two cirri; the 
tail is long, as its specific name denotes; the head is obtuse; 
the nostrils near the mouth; there are four spiracles. 
17. Squalus appendiculatus, or Botany Bay shark. — 
Upper jaw with two jagged, cartilaginous appendages, and 
four others on each side between the first and the spiracles.— 
It is an extremely fierce animal. The head is broad, but 
angular; the mouth is placed near the end of the head; it 
has nine teeth in front, which are sharp, crooked, and in 
three rows, with a great number of small ones on each side; 
the eyes are projecting; dorsal fins placed far back; the 
pectoral near the spiracles; ventral near the middle of the 
body; the anal more than half way between the last and 
the tail, with a fin-like projection behind it to the end of 
the tail.—This inhabits New South Wales; is nineteen 
inches long; the body is brown, with three rows of large pale 
spots, dark within, rounded and nearly equal for half its 
length, and then growing suddenly very small. 
II.—With the anal fin, but no temporal orifice. 
18. Squalus glaucus, or blue shark.—The sides of the tail 
are smooth; the lower part of the back with a triangular dent. 
—This is found in our own and almost all other seas. See 
Shark. 
19. Squalus pristis vel pectinatus.—A fish with a long 
snout, armed on each side with narrow teeth. It grows about 
seven feet long, and lives chiefly on the weaker fishes.—It 
is very frequent in the Indian seas. 
20. Squalus cornubicus, or probeagle shark.—The snout 
of this species is projecting, sharp; body round, depressed 
and angulate near the tail. This species is slightly described 
by Pennant, from an engraving which he found in Borlase’s 
History of Cornwall, which was copied by Mr. Jago, who 
was esteemed a very observant and skilful ichthyologist. A 
specimen observed in 1793, on the coast of Hastings, is de¬ 
scribed in the third volume of the Linnsean Transactions. 
Its length from the tip of the snout to the extremity of the 
tail, was three feet ten inches; the colour of the body was a 
deep blue on the back, and white or silvery beneath; the 
shape was round, except for about six inches from the tail, 
where it was depressed; at about an inch from the tail was 
a semilunar or lunar impression, the points of which were 
towards the tail ; where the body was depressed, the sides 
were raised into a sharp angle or elevated line, of about 
eight inches in length, running to the middle of the tail, or 
a little beyond; the nose was prominent and sharp ; and on 
either side, from the nose to the eyes, were numerous per¬ 
forations or minute pores; the tail was of a lunar form, the 
upper lobe nearly a third longer than the lower.—It inhabits 
the British coasts; is from three to four feet long; the body 
above is of-a deep blue, beneath it is silvery; round, except 
near the tail, where it is depressed. 
21. Squalus cambricus, or beaumaris shark.—Snout short, 
blunt; body cylindrical, angulate near the tail.—This is 
chiefly found on the British coasts; is seven feet long; very 
much resembles the last, except that it does not taper so 
much towards each end; the body is of a lead-colour, and 
smoothish. 
22. Squalus cinereus.—.Seven spiracles on each side.—It 
inhabits the Mediterranean; is three feet long; the body is 
glaucous, and a little rough. 
23. Squalus muximus, or basking shark.—Teeth conic, 
not serrate. 
24. Squalus carcharias, or white shark.—In this species 
the teeth are triangular. This is the most dreadful and 
voracious of all animals. 
III.—With temporal orifice, but no anal fin. 
25. Squalus spinosus.—Body covered over with large 
mucronate tubercles. This is about four feet in length; 
the colour is grey-brown above, whitish beneath ; the body 
is roughened with scattered unequal tubercles, consisting of 
a broad round base, and curved, sharp pointed tip ; in some 
they are bifid; eyes large ; snout prominent and conic; its 
gape 
