770 
s u s 
reported, that below Columbia no ascending navigation was 
practicable, but that, at the expense of about 20,000 dol¬ 
lars, every obstacle might be removed to the head of the two 
branches. It is contemplated to unite the waters of this 
river with those of the Schuylkill. By the Juniatta and its 
other tributary streams from the west, the Susquehannah 
also approaches near the waters of the Allegany, which 
forms one of the two branches of the Ohio; and there is no 
more than a short land carriage from the Tioga and its other 
confluent waters to the east, to reach Lake Seneca and the 
river Genesee, which fall into Lake Ontario. 
SUSSEX, one of the southern counties of England, 
bounded on the west by Hampshire, on the north by Surrey, 
on the east and north-east by Kent, and on the south by the 
British channel. It is 76 miles in length, and nearly 20 in 
average breadth. Towards the boundary of Kent it is con¬ 
tracted to an obtuse point. 
The aspect of Sussex is varied in a pleasing manner, by 
the inequalities of the downs, with the intervening valleys, 
through which the many little streams of the county pursue 
their respective courses to the sea. The wooded scenery 
which it presents, and the pasture land with which it is con¬ 
trasted, give to the county in general a rural and a rich di¬ 
versity of appearance. The tracks of land which come 
under the description of mere wastes in Sussex, are very con¬ 
siderable. They chiefly occupy the northern side of the coun¬ 
ty, where, in a district containing by computation 500,000 
acres, these almost desert tracks form not less than 110,000. 
The climate upon the downs fronting the south-west is 
bleak, being exposed to violent winds, which are impreg¬ 
nated with saline particles, occasioned by the spray, driving 
against the beach. In the western part of the maritime dis¬ 
trict the climate is warm, and highly favourable to the pur¬ 
poses of vegetation ; and in that division called the Weald, 
the circulation of air is impeded, and the climate is cold and 
damp. 
In regard to minerals, Sussex is not inferior to most of the 
counties of England. In the easternmost parts of the 
Weald is found every sort of limestone. The Sussex marble, 
when cut into slabs for ornamental chimney-pieces, and 
highly polished, is equal to most kinds for beauty and 
quality. It is an excellent stone for square building, and for 
paving is not exceeded. It affords a very valuable manure, 
equal, and by some thought superior to chalk, and cheaper 
to those who 1 ive near the place where it is dug. It is found 
from 10 to 20 feet under ground, where it lies in strata, 9 or 
10 inches thick. The Sussex lime-stone has been found 
superior to both that of Maidstone and Plymouth ; and for 
cement it is thought to surpass any in the kingdom. Iron¬ 
stone abounds in this county; and to the ferruginous mix¬ 
ture with which its soil is in many places so highly impreg¬ 
nated, is to be ascribed, the sterility of so large a portion of 
its surface. Chalk is still more plentiful, a vast range of 
hills which occupy a considerable part of the county conti¬ 
guous to the coast, being composed of that material. On 
the south side of these hills marl is dug in various places. 
Fuller’s earth is found at Tillington, and consumed in the 
neighbouring mills; and red ochre at Graff ham, Chidham, 
and other places on the coast, whence much of it is sent to 
the metropolis. 
The rivers of Sussex are insignificant streams, when com¬ 
pared with those of some other provinces of the kingdom; but 
they are exclusively its own, as their origin and courses are 
confined within the limits of the county. All of them fall 
into the British channel, 
Sussex is one of those counties which, from the remotest 
antiquity, has been celebrated for its timber, principally oak. 
Before the Norman conquest it was one continued forest; 
and the quantity of wood-land which it at present contains 
cannot be estimated at less than 170,000 or 180,000 acres. 
The reigning feature of the Weald is its timber, which over¬ 
spreads it in every direction; and so naturally is it adapted 
to the soil, that if a field were sown with furze only, the 
ground, in the course of a few years, would be covered with 
SEX. 
young oaks, without any trouble or expense of planting. 
The quality of this timber may be collected from this circum¬ 
stance, that the navy contractors stipulate for Sussex oak in 
preference to every other kind.' The turnpike roads of this 
county are in general good, being composed of whinstone 
and Kentish rag; and where these have not been used, the 
roads are found to be inferior, as in some of the eastern parts 
where they are narrow and sandy. There are no canals in 
Sussex, but the river Arun has been made navigable from the 
sea to its junction with the New Cut, a distance upwards of 
17 miles; and from thence a company of merchants have 
extended it to Newbridge. A similar process has also been 
taken with the Rother, a branch of the former river, which 
constitutes part of a grand plan for connecting London with 
Sussex, by means of the junction of the Arun with the Wey 
at Guildford. A plan has also been proposed for cutting 
another canal from Newbridge on the Rother to Horsham, 
and thence to the iron railway at Merstham, near Reigate in 
Surrey. The proportion between pasture and arable land 
varies in different parts of this county. In the Weald, one- 
third is pasture, one-third arable, and one-third wood and 
waste. On the south side of the downs, the arable exceeds 
the pasture in the proportion of thirty to one. The rotation 
of crops in Sussex entirely depends upon the district in which 
they are sown. Some instances have occurred on very rich 
land, where wheat has been repeated four or five years in 
succession, and the product amounted to four or five quarters 
per acre. The crops commonly raised in Sussex are wheat, 
oats, clover, turnip, pease, barley, and tares. The crops not 
commonly cultivated are beans, potatoes, buck-wheat, let¬ 
tuces, hops, carrots, rhubarb, opium, sainfoin, lucerne, and 
chicory. The management of the meadow and pasture 
lands varies but little from the practices common in other 
counties; though here indeed there is but too much reason to 
complain of negligence with respect to the improvement of 
grazing land. Irrigation is but locally known; and it is 
only in the western parts of the county that any signs of it 
are to be observed. Very great improvements, however, have 
of late years been effected in the marshes situated along the 
coast, or in the neighbourhood of the rivers. In the western 
part of Sussex are some considerable orchards; and where, 
the soil is adapted to the fruit, the plantations are thickly in¬ 
terspersed. The neighbourhood of Petworlh yields the best 
cyder of any in the county. The manures used in Sussex, 
besides common dung, are chalk, lime, marl, sleech, soap- 
ashes, wood-ashes, peat-ashes, rags, sheep clippings, pilch¬ 
ards, paring-dust, and gypsum. The first three are applied 
in great abundance; the rest, from their nature, but par¬ 
tially. 
Sussex is distinguished for its breed of cattle, which are 
universally allowed to be equal to any in the kingdom. It 
is also celebrated for its breed of sheep, which are fed on 
the south downs. They require but a very slight quantity of 
food for their subsistence, and the quality of their flesh is 
peculiarly sweet and tender. Their wool is little, if at all, 
inferior to that of the Hereford sheep, and their hardiness is 
demonstrated by their healthiness and freedom from losses,' 
amid the storms to which they are exposed in winter and 
spring, on their bleak native hills. The total amount of all 
the sheep kept in the county is about 450,000. The largest 
estate in Sussex does not greatly exceed £7500 per annum, 
and most of the proprietors hold their land in their own occu¬ 
pation. The principal manufacture carried on in this county 
was the making of iron into bars; but this has decayed, on 
account of the great establishments in Scotland and Wales, 
where, by the use of pit coal, the article is supplied at a much 
cheaper rate. 
The county of Sussex contains many Roman, and some 
British antiquities, The Ermine-street, one of the eight Bri¬ 
tish roads, led from this coast to the south-east part of Scot¬ 
land. Here also was the Stane-street of the Romans, which 
passed from east to west of the county, with a vicinal, or 
branching road, towards Porchester. There are also many 
remains of Roman encampments in this district; these are 
situated 
