S U T 
S U T 
775 
system as had been heretofore adopted in the more southern 
Highlands, by removing all this numerous tenantry from 
their native glens and mountains, which were to be converted 
into sheep-walks, and measures for this purpose were adopted 
as soon as the great works undertaken for facilitating the 
communications of the country opened a reasonable prospect 
of successfully carrying through these other improvements. 
The plan was to transfer the inhabitants of the mountains 
and glens to certain situations on the sea-shore; to grant 
them small lots of land; and to engage them also in the her¬ 
ring and white fishery. Such a change was against all the 
habits, prejudices, and fondest affections of those rude 
mountaineers, who clung to their mode of life, and to the 
ancient habitations of their fathers, with an attachment 
which nothing could break. The removing of the tenants 
commenced in 1807, and has been since continued as the 
different tacks expired. 
In the years 1818, 1819, and 1820, when a great propor¬ 
tion of the tacks expired, numerous removals took place, 
which produced great agitation in the country, and gave 
rise to a violent controversy as to the propriety of these 
measures, and as to the manner in which they were carried 
into effect, but into which it is not our purpose to enter. It is 
quite obvious that the Marquess of Stafford had a right to 
adopt whatever measures he should deem expedient lor the 
improvement of his property; and that he was only follow¬ 
ing the mode of management which had been adopted by 
every other landlord before him. It is also clear that those 
who were instructed to carry these improvements into effect, 
had no interest whatever to inflict any unnecessary hardship 
on the unfortunate people who were to be removed from 
their abodes, for the interest of the landlord and the im¬ 
provement of the estate; nor is it to be believed that any 
unnecessary hardship was inflicted. On the contrary, every 
expedient was adopted, and the most liberal measures pro¬ 
posed, to reconcile the inhabitants to the change, and to 
render it as easy to them as possible. On the other hand, it 
is most manifest that they were, with some exceptions, most 
averse to the change; that to the last moment they clung to 
their native spots with the fondest affection; and that, though 
all persuasion was used, and the most liberal arrangements 
proposed, they could not be induced, voluntarily, to quit 
their ancient abodes. It became necessary, in consequence, 
to call in the civil authorities, in order to enforce their re¬ 
moval, and on some occasions the county was thrown into 
great agitation, and tumults v'ere occasioned. Though due 
notice,was given to the tenantry, yet in many cases they 
could not be prevailed on to make the least preparations for 
a removal; and at one place, after they had retired at the 
approach of the sheriff’s officers, they re-occupied their 
dwellings which they had quitted, as soon as the officers left 
them, on the notion that if they again entered them, they 
were entitled to remain for a year. A new ejectment became 
necessary, and to prevent a second resumption, the timber 
employed in the construction of the emigrants’ habitations 
was burnt. In lieu of this, new timber was furnished them 
by the landlord, in the settlements to which they were re¬ 
moved, and other advantages were given them, to reconcile 
them, as much as possible, to the change. In 1820, the 
removals were all quietly effected. 
In consequence of these arrangements, adopted for the 
improvement of the lands, the inhabitants of the interior 
mountains and glens have, with some exceptions, been 
settled; those from Lord Reay’s property on the shores of 
the Western and Northern oceans, in small towns, or as 
near to the various towns as it was possible to arrange; and 
those from the Sutherland estate partly on the shores of the 
Northern, and partly on those of the German ocean; while 
some have emigrated to Caithness, and some to America. 
The estates of the other proprietors have been let in the same 
manner, and a similar distribution of their inhabitants has 
also been made. Those tenants who have been settled on 
the coasts, have betaken themselves to the herring and the 
cod and ling fishing, with great industry and success, and 
have likewise been equally persevering and successful in the 
cultivation of the lots of ground assigned them. As a proof 
of the rapid progress of the herring fishery, it appears, that 
at the village of Helmsdale there were caught in 1814, 2400 
barrels of herrings: the quantity has been since increasing 
every year, until in 1819, it amounted to 20,600 barrels. 
The shipping has also increased in a similar proporlion. 
In 1814, there was not a single boat belonging to this creek; 
and in 1819, there entered 5246 tons of shipping. A re¬ 
gular trade has been established with Leith, and other 
branches of industry have also begun to flourish. On the 
coast side of Sutherland great agricultural improvements 
have been effected, to which every encouragement has been 
given, by inducing artizans and ploughmen to settle in the 
country; by procuring the most approved implements, and 
importing seeds of the best description. The consequence 
has been, that extensive fields of wheat (some of them 
drilled according to the most improved system of Norfolk 
husbandry), several hundred acres of turnips sown upon the 
ridge, and well horse-hoed, with excellent crops of barley 
(the seed of which was imported from Norfolk), and clover, 
are now seen, where, a few years back, there was nothing 
to be found but some patches of the most miserable oats and 
bear, with which the land was alternately cropped, until it 
was brought into such a state of exhaustion, that it would 
not even produce the seed that was bestowed upon it. These 
improvements commenced in 1809, since which period no 
less than 27 sets of farm offices have been constructed upon 
the estate of Sutherland. Lord Ashburton has, in like man¬ 
ner, planted, inclosed, and constructed roads and buildings 
to a considerable extent. New farm-houses have been built 
in the most inaccessible parts of the Reay country. Upon 
the properties of Creech, Ospisdale, and Skibo, inclosures 
have been made; and plantations and cultivation have been 
extended over the most unpromising and barren spots. To 
carry forward these improvements on the Moray frith coast, 
a search was made for limestone, which was at length dis¬ 
covered in sufficient quantity for all local purposes. The 
west coast is in a great measure formed of this mineral, but 
being in many instances combined with magnesia, it is 
rendered little serviceable as a manure, and not useful to the 
sculptor. Marble quarries in Assynt were worked for some 
years by Mr. Joplin, of Newcastle, but have been aban¬ 
doned on this account. Coal has also been discovered, 
which, though it does not answer so well for household 
purposes, is employed in burning lime, and also in making of 
bricks and salt, which manufactures have lately been estab¬ 
lished, and the demand of the Moray frith for salt is almost 
exclusively supplied from the Sutherland salt-pans. Popula¬ 
tion 4,S44 families. 
SUTHIALI, a sea-port cf Abascia, on the Black Sea. 
SU'TILE, adj. [sutilis, Lat.] Done by stitching.—The 
fame of her needle work, the “ sutile pictures” mentioned 
by Johnson. Bosiocll. 
SU'TLER, s. [ socteler , Dutch; sudler, German.] A 
man that sells provisions and liquor in a camp. 
I shall sutler be 
Unto the camp, and profits will accrue. Shakspeare. 
SUTORS of Cromarty, two rocky promontories in 
Scotland, one on each side of the opening of the frith of 
Cromarty. 
SUTlil, a small town of the Ecclesiastical State, in the 
Patrimonio di St. Pietro, on the river Pozzolo. It is the see 
of a bishop, has a cathedral and several other churches, and 
contains 4000 inhabitants; 12 miles south of Viterbo. Lat. 
42. 13. N. long. 12. 15. E. 
SUTTERBY, a decayed parish of England, in Lincoln¬ 
shire ; 4^ miles west-south-west of Alford. 
SUTTERTON, a parish of England, in Lincolnshire; 
9J miles north-by-east of Spalding. Population 860. 
SUTT1KO, or Settiko, a town of the kingdom of 
Woolly, in Western Africa, near the Gambia. 
SUTTON, a parish of England, in Bedfordshire; 3 miles 
north-east-by-east of Biggleswade.—2d, A parish in the Isle 
of Ely, Cambridgeshire; 6| miles south-west-by-west of the 
city 
