790 
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S W E 
kind was, of course, carried by neither party with vigour, 
and trade continued in an underhand manner between the 
countries. But the impatient and clear-sighted emperor of 
France was not to be deluded by these measures. He in¬ 
cessantly and vehemently urged on Bernadotte, the necessity 
for commencing active war, and at length marched 20,000 
men into Swedish Pomerania. The Crown Prince contrived 
to get these forces withdrawn, but he held off, and pre¬ 
varicated until, in 1813, he joined the emperor of Russia, 
who had taken part against Napoleon, and made peace with 
England. The successful issue of the war that these powers 
exercised against France, produced for Denmark the loss, 
and to Sweden the accession, of Norway. 
In the year 1817, a futile attempt was made to overthrow 
the power of Bernadotte, by a party who favoured the son 
of Gustavus; but it produced no success, though the coun¬ 
try in general, was, from misery and privation, in a disturbed 
state. 
In the year 1818, Charles XIII. died, and Bernadotte, 
under the name of Charles John, ascended the throne of 
Sweden, and then proceeded to Norway, and was crowned 
sovereign of that country. 
In the year 1823, the transactions which took place in the 
Diet, indicated a free and liberal mode of going about 
business, which promised much improvement. A decree 
was passed to give publicity to the speeches made by the Diet, 
and some stand was made against voting a large sum for 
military expenses. But it appears from the same authority, 
that the country was in a miserable condition, especially that 
occupied by the land-holders. This year the prince royal 
was married to the daughter of Eugene Beauharnois, and 
these powers were given to this potentate—two votes in the 
Diet, and the administration of the kingdom, in the event of 
the king’s absence. 
In the year 1824, arrangements were made with the Swe¬ 
dish government for facilitating the commercial intercourse be- 
ween that kingdom and Great Britain. On the 24th of April, 
two declarations were issued at Stockholm, in which the 
Swedish minister stated, that having received from the Eng¬ 
lish plenipotentiary the assurance of a perfect reciprocity, 
he declared, “ That English merchant ships arriving in the 
ports or waters of the kingdom of Sweden, should in future 
be placed upon the same footing as national vessels, with 
respect to pilot, light-house, and tonnage dues, and, in 
general, with respect to all those duties which are included 
in the denomination of port-dues payable to the crown, of 
whatever description they may be." It was declared, “ That 
English merchant ships should be equally assimilated to 
national vessels, with respect to salvage dues, without any 
restriction or difference.” “ And that, as Swedish com¬ 
merce was already in the enjoyment of reciprocal advantages 
in the ports of Great Britain, the above-mentioned arrange¬ 
ments in favour of English commerce should be put in force 
in all the ports of the kingdom of Sweden, without delay, 
and with as much expedition as possible." 
The second document equally proclaimed, “ That all 
articles, the growth, produce, or manufacture of the king¬ 
dom of Great Britain and of its colonies, which, according 
to the existing regulations, might be imported into Sweden 
on board of Swedish vessels, may be imported into Sweden 
in English ships direct from the ports of Great Britain, 
without being subject, on their entry, to other or higher 
duties to the crown than if imported on board a Swedish 
vessel. 
“ That all articles, the exportation whereof was not pro¬ 
hibited, might be exported from the ports of the kingdom 
of Sweden on board of English vessels, to any place what¬ 
ever, without being subject, on their export, to other or 
higher duties to the crown than if exported on board a Swe¬ 
dish vessel. 
“ But that, as Swedish merchant vessels did not enjoy 
the liberty of visiting the ports of the colonies and foreign 
possessions of England, it was understood that the privileges 
above specified were not applicable to goods imported into 
the ports of Sweden, in vessels belonging to the said colonies 
and foreign possessions, or in vessels strictly English, com¬ 
ing direct from the English colonies." 
The speech of the king at the closing of the Diet this 
year, described much improvement in the commerce of the 
kingdom, proclaimed the rapid progress of many internal 
improvements, and of a plan for a new code of civil law. 
Since this period no events of great or general interest have 
reached us. The slate of Norway is much more prosperous 
than that of Sweden, and its superior happiness in this respect 
may doubtless be traced to the excellent system by which 
its inhabitants have contrived to have it governed. 
“ When the power over Norway was assumed by the 
Swedish monarch, its independence of Sweden was secured 
by resolutions of the States, or the Storthing, guaranteed by 
the king on the 4th November, 1814. These fundamental 
rules decree, 1st. That only citizens of Norway, of the 
Lutheran religion, shall be nominated to fill any office. 2d. 
That Norway shall be answerable for its own national debt 
alone. 3d. That none shall be judged but by the law, and 
that torture shall not be practised. 4th. That no retrospective 
law shall be enacted. 5th. That no one shall be arrested, or 
confined, but in cases specified by the law. 6th. The 
liberty of the press shall not be infringed. 7th. Landed 
property shall not become forfeited. 8th. No nobles shall 
be created. 9th. Each Norwegian, without regard to 
rank or weahh, is bound to serve a certain time. 10th. 
Norway shall retain its own bank and coins. 11th. Norwe¬ 
gian merchant ships may carry their own national flag. 
Under these stipulations, Norway is a limited hereditary 
monarchy, in which the executive power is vested in the 
king, and the legislature in the States, or Storthing. The 
king exercises his power through a Viceroy, who resides in 
the royal palace at Christiana. The members of the legis¬ 
lature are chosen by electors, who are nominated for that 
purpose by those who have a right to vote. In the cities, the 
number of electors to be chosen is one to every fifty voters; 
in the country, one to every huftdred votes. These electors 
choose the deputies for the respective districts ; from five to 
fourteen electors choose one deputy ; from fifteen to twenty- 
four, two deputies; from twenty-five to thirty-four, three 
deputies; and from thirty-five upwards, four deputies, which 
is the greatest number that any electoral assembly can 
nominate. The deputies must be thirty years of age, and 
have resided the last ten years within the kingdom. Who¬ 
ever is chosen is bound to serve. They are free from arrest, 
and are paid for their time and travelling expences. The 
number of the representatives of the country are as two to 
one of those from the cities. The whole number is from 75 
to 190. The servants of the crown, the members of the 
council, and pensioners, are ineligible. The assembly 
meets every third year on the first working day in February. 
There are two chambers, or bodies; one called the Lagthing, 
consisting of one-fourth the members, the other called the 
Qdelsthing, comprehending the other three-fourths. All 
laws must originate in the Odelsthing, from its own members, 
or from the suggestion of the king; but the assent of the 
other body is required for their enactment. The forms of 
passing laws are complicated, but they insure great delibera¬ 
tion. The assembly continues its session three months, but 
the king may prolong it beyond that period, or call it to¬ 
gether in the intervals of the regular assemblings. The 
Senate, appointed by the king, is rather an executive than a 
legislative body, but must consist of Norwegians.” 
SWEDEN, a post township of the United States, in 
Oxford county, Maine; 25 miles west-south-west of Paris. 
SWEDEN, a township of the United States, in Genesee 
county, New York. 
SWEDENBORG (Emanuel), the son of a Swedish 
bishop, was born at Stockholm in the year 1689, and edu¬ 
cated under the tuition of his father. In 1716, Charles 
XII., by whom he was highly esteemed, appointed him 
assessor to the college of mines; and having directed his 
attention to physical and mathematical subjects, he pub¬ 
lished 
