880 T E L E G 
Quang-tong, near the river Si. Lat. 23. 12. N. long. 
111. E. 
TEKIR, or Tekiri Dag, a mountain in the east of 
European Turkey, in Romania, which is, properly speaking, 
only a continuation to the eastward of the Argentaro or Rho¬ 
dope chain. It extends along the north coast of the sea of 
Marmora, and terminates at the extremity of the Thracian 
Chersonese, to the north of Constantinople. 
TEKOA, a village of Palestine, on the site of which was 
ancientiy built a considerable town, of which the ruins are 
still visible; 9 miles south of Bethlehem. 
TEKUPHiE, or Thekuphte, with the Jews, are the 
times in which the sun proceeds from one cardinal point to 
the next. 
The same term is also applied to the moment in which the 
sun enters a cardinal point: these four terms, or tekuphse, 
into which the Jews divided their solar year, are observed 
among the Jews with a great deal of ceremony. And 
hence, they fancy, that if any body drinks the smallest 
quantity of water at that time, he will infallibly have a 
dropsy, or some other grievous distemper. 
The tekupha of Tisri corresponded to the autumnal equi¬ 
nox ; that of Tebeth to the winter solstice; that ofNisan 
to the vernal equinox'; and that of Tamuz to the summer 
solstice. 
TEKUTCH, a small town in the north of European Tur¬ 
key, in Moldavia, in the district called the Zara de Schoss; 
70 miles uorth-north-west of Calatz, and 76 south of Jessy. 
TERY SOUND, on the coast of Georgia, to the south of 
Savannah river, is a capacious road, where a large fleet may 
anchor in from 10 to 44 fathoms water, and be land-locked, 
and have a safe entrance over the bar of the river. The 
flood tide is generally seven feet. 
TELACH, an island of Asiatic Russia, in the Penzinskoi 
gulf. Lat. 61 35. N. long. 159. 14. E. 
TELAMONES, a name given by the Romans to what the 
Greeks called Atlant.es; viz. the figures of men supporting 
entablatures, and other projectures. 
The word, according to some, is derived from the Greek 
t eXap.uv, from r eXaco, or rXetto, I hear. 
Among the Greeks they \vere called Atlantes, arkon/re?, 
which comes from the same word r aXacr, or rXaco, by the 
figure metathesis. 
TELANADING ISLANDS, three small islands lying 
east and west, near the north-west coast of the island of 
Gilolo. Lat. 2. 18. N. long. 127. 30. E. 
TELAPSAR, a village of Diarbekir, in Asiatic Turkey ; 
20 miles west of Mosul. 
TELARUSE, a river of Asia, in the peninsula of Malac¬ 
ca, which forms the northern boundary of the kingdom of 
Queda, separating it from Lower Siam, and falls into the 
Eastern seas. Lat. 6. 56. N. long. 99. 42. E. 
TE'LARY, adj. [tela, Lat., a weh i] Spinning webs.— 
The pictures of telary spiders, and their position in the web, 
is commonly "made lateral, and regarding the horizon; al¬ 
though we shall commonly find it downward, and their 
heads respecting the centre. Brown. 
TELAUGIA, the name of a genus of scrupi, of a glitter¬ 
ing appearance, usually containing flakes of talc, and emu¬ 
lating the structure of the granites. Hill. 
Of this genus we have twelve species. 
TELCH, a river of European Turkey, in Wallachia, 
which rises on the borders of Transylvania, and falls into the 
Danube. 
TELDOM IIOTUN, a town of Chinese Tartary, situated 
on the western bank of the river Sagalien. Lat. 49. 56. N. 
long, 127. 33. E. 
TE'LEGRAPH, s. [ tclegraphe , Fr., from reko? and 
yr.xpo', Gr.] An instrument that answers the end of writing 
by conveying intelligence to a distance through the means 
of signals. Mason 
The earliest decisive proof of telegraphic communications, 
except those by fires {yv'^eicu,) being in use among the 
Greeks, is found in the methods described by Polybius. 
The Romans had their vexillarii, and used flags and other 
R A P H. 
contrivances for regulating the movements of their armies; 
and they had hollow tubes constructed in the walls of their 
cities, by which they could communicate with the several 
ports or works by sound, as is done in our times in some 
manufactories by means of pipes or trumpets. Wherever the 
Romans pitched their camp, an elevated spot was selected 
for the signal station, to convey intelligence to the foraging 
parties or detachments, but it is nowhere stated to what ex¬ 
tent this was carried. Vegetius alludes to something like a 
beam in the air, on the same principle perhaps as our Se¬ 
maphore. 
The first telegraph on record in modern times, applicable 
to universal purposes, is that of Dr. Hooke, described in 
the Philosophical Transactions of the year 1684. He mi¬ 
nutely details the mode in which the stations should be se¬ 
lected, their height and intermediate ground, so that the 
retraction of the air may not disturb the clear appearance of 
the object; the telescopes to be used; the characters to re¬ 
present the alphabet, which, he says, may be varied ten 
thousand ways, and “ none but the two extreme correspon¬ 
dents shall be able to discover the information conveyed 
and so convinced is he of the practical efficiency of his te¬ 
legraph, as to leave no doubt on his mind, “ that the same 
character may be seen at Paris within a minute after it hath 
been exposed in London.” His method consisted in expos¬ 
ing in succession as many different shaped figures or signs, 
at least, as the alphabet consists of letters. If used in the 
day-time, they might be squares, circles, triangles, &c., 
made of deals ; if at night, torches or other lights disposed 
in a certain order. These characters or signs were to be 
brought forth from behind a screen on rods, as they might 
be wanted, and exposed to view. 
In the year 1795, the Rev. J. Gamble produced two 
plans of a telegraph ; the one consisting of five boards, one 
above the other, which, by opening and shutting singly, or 
according to all the combinations of which they were ca¬ 
pable, gave a certain number of distinct signals, representing 
either numbers or letters, as might be deemed most expe¬ 
dient. The other plan was that of five beams of wood, 
turning on the summit of a post, so as to form five radii of 
a semicircle at equal angles of 45° with each other. This 
was the foundation of the present semaphore. 
In the same year, Lord George Murray presented his plan 
of a six-shutter telegraph to the Admiralty, which was the 
one adopted and made use of during the whole war, and 
until the year 1816, when it was changed for a simplified 
semaphore, which will be noticed hereafter. 
On the same principle as the radiated telegraph of Mr. 
Gamble, but differently arranged, the French, on the com¬ 
mencement of the second war in 1803, erected signal-posts 
along the coast, to which they gave the name of semaphores, 
being two or three beams of wood on the same post, but 
turning on different pivots. 
In 1807, Colonel Pasley published his Polygrammatic 
Telegraph, which differed only from the French semaphore 
in having two beams turning on one pivot on the same post, 
and multiplying the number of posts; which he afterwards 
(in 1810) changed so far as to place three sets of beams or 
arms, two in each set, on one post, and thus approached 
still nearer to the French semaphore. 
In the year 1816, Sir Home Popham, who had already 
introduced a new code of signals into the navy, which was 
admitted on all hands as a great improvement on the old 
system, both as regarding the number, the arrangement, 
and the shape of the flags, now turned his attention to the 
land semaphore, and proposed one on a construction of the 
same nature with that of Colonel Pasley, but much simpli¬ 
fied. It was, in fact, nothing more than two moveable 
arms on separate pivots on the same mast. 
This machine, on account of its simplicity, had obviously 
the advantage over all others that had been proposed; and 
being found of sufficient power and efficiency for all re¬ 
quired purposes, it was adopted by the Admiralty, instead 
of the shutter telegraph, which had been in use since the 
year 1795. 
Colonel 
